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Electrical conduction through meteoric polar ice is controlled by soluble impurities that originate mostly from sea salt, biomass burning, and volcanic eruptions. The strongest conductivity response to acids, yet the mechanism causing this has been unclear. Here we elucidate mechanisms in using broadband dielectric spectroscopy of cores. We find polycrystalline consistent with Jaccard theory for migration charged protonic point defects single crystals, except bulk DC impeded grain...

The flow of ice is temperature-dependent, but direct measurements englacial temperature are sparse. dielectric attenuation radio waves through also and radar sounding sheets sensitive to this attenuation. Here we estimate depth-averaged radar-attenuation rates within the Greenland Ice Sheet from airborne radar-sounding data its associated radiostratigraphy. Using existing empirical relationships between temperature, chemistry, attenuation, then infer temperature. dated radiostratigraphy...

As the Millennial generation (those born between 1982 and 2000) rapidly enters workforce, their introduction into workplace has been anything but seamless. In fact, you might have already heard one of these jaw-dropping stories: mother who called HR to complain when her daughter got a mediocre performance review; recent college graduate dialed CEO directly tell him what company could be doing better; and, young employee revealed new product launch on Facebook page before it was announced...

The low-frequency electrical properties of mixtures silicates and saline H(2)O were measured over broad ranges temperature frequency to assess the subfreezing interactions between these materials synoptically, particularly effects adsorbed, unfrozen water. Adsorbed water content was determined using nuclear magnetic resonance. Materials chosen control grain size mineralogical complexity, initial salt also specified. temperature-dependent DC conductivity a sand-salt-H(2)O mixture found be...

Abstract Tropical ground ice on Mars undergoes long‐term sublimation and likely exospheric escape. Without restriction of sublimation, the cryosphere would eventually breach, leading to massive loss any underlying groundwater. We seek understand conditions under which ground‐ice seal, groundwater, subsurface habitability are preserved. Using multireservoir models for evolution deuterium‐to‐hydrogen ratios, we derive a median estimate Hesperian‐Amazonian H 2 O 60 m (interquartile range 30–120...

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has the potential to image Martian subsurface give geological context drilling targets, investigate stratigraphy, and locate water. GPR depth of penetration depends strongly on electromagnetic (EM) properties (complex dielectric permittivity, complex magnetic permeability, DC resistivity) subsurface. These EM in turn depend mineralogical composition are sensitive temperature. In this study, analog samples were measured versus frequency (1 MHz‐1 GHz) at...

[1] Signals from the Shallow Radar were intended to penetrate hundreds of meters or more into Mars, but subsurface reflections are abundant only in known inferred ice-rich units and young (middle late Amazonian), apparently pristine, volcanic units. As age, fewer detected. Also, no detected any northern hemisphere be altered by water. We suggest that general lack on Mars is not likely an indication shallow interior devoid structure stratigraphy rather dielectric contrasts cannot due signal...

We measured the 1 mHz-1 MHz electrical properties of ice-hydrate binary systems formed from solutions NaCl, CaCl(2), and MgSO(4), with supplementary measurements HCl. Below eutectic temperature, parameters are well described by mixing models in which hydrate is always connected phase. Above a salt concentration threshold approximately 3 mM initial solution required for unfrozen brine fraction to form interconnected, electrically conductive networks. The dielectric relaxation frequency saline...

The real part of the dielectric permittivity Martian regolith was measured by Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) on Phoenix lander. We interpret these data using laboratory measurements as a function H 2 O salt content, soil type, temperature. Due to variability in sensor coupling, we focus taken at one locality (“Vestri”) three separate times, spanning multiple sols. A daytime increase suggests progressive melting heterogeneous, disconnected, salty ice with eutectic...

Low-frequency (LF, <<1 kHz) electrical resistivity is useful in discriminating frozen from unfrozen ground periglacial environments, but it cannot distinguish whether materials are dry or ice-rich, nor can provide reliable estimates of ice content. However, polarisabilities due to unfrozen, interfacial water and protonic defects both have strong dielectric relaxations (frequency dependence), resulting a large decrease at high frequencies (HF, > 1 kHz). From laboratory measurements samples...

Knowledge of the physical and thermal properties South Polar Layer Deposits (SPLD) is key to constrain source bright basal reflections at Ultimi Scopuli detected by MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface Ionosphere Sounding) radar sounder. Here we present a detailed analysis attenuation, based on data acquired 3, 4, 5 MHz. We show that attenuation frequency dependent, its behavior consistent throughout entire region. This suggests SPLD are compositionally homogeneous Scopuli, our results...

Abstract Following the discovery of Hiawatha impact crater beneath northwest margin Greenland Ice Sheet, we explored satellite and aerogeophysical data in search additional such craters. Here report a possible second subglacial that is 36.5‐km wide 183 km southeast crater. Although buried by 2 ice, structure's rim induces conspicuously circular surface expression, it possesses central uplift, causes negative gravity anomaly. The existence two closely spaced similarly sized complex craters...

Abstract It has recently been suggested that clay minerals, which are widespread on the Martian surface, could be possible source of basal bright reflections detected by MARSIS at Ultimi Scopuli, instead briny water. This hypothesis is based dielectric measurements a wet Ca‐Montorillonite (STx‐1b) sample conducted 230 K, reported permittivity values (apparent 39 4 MHz) compatible with median value 33 retrieved MHz data inversion in high reflectivity area. These experimental results are,...

Abstract We analyzed the dielectric spectra (0.1 Hz–1 MHz) of 49 firn and ice samples from sheets glaciers to better understand how differing formation evolution affect electrical properties. The relaxation is well known its characteristic frequency increases with concentration soluble impurities in lattice. found that meteoric generally possess two such relaxations, indicating distinct crystal populations or zonation. Typically, one population consistent relatively pure ice, other...

Abstract Strong radar reflections have been previously mapped at the base of Martian South Polar Layered Deposits. Here, we analyze laboratory measurements dry and briny samples to determine cause this return. We find that liquid vein networks consisting brines grain boundaries ice crystals can greatly enhance electrical conductivity, thereby causing strong reflections. A brine concentration 2.7–6.0 vol% in is sufficient match properties basal reflection as observed by Mars Advanced Radar...