Social media platforms have evolved into an online representation of our social interactions. We may use the resources they provide to analyze phenomena that occur within them, such as development and viralization offensive hostile content. In today's polarized world, escalating nature this behavior is cause for concern in modern society. This research includes in-depth examination previous efforts strategies detecting preventing hateful content on network Twitter, well a novel...

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of suitable habitat in grasslands can promote species functional diversity arthropods, including responses by ubiquitous web-building spiders. A field experiment tallgrass prairie was performed to examine the response abundance web-type richness aerial spiders changes availability structure for web placement (vegetation architecture). To test hypothesis that vegetation contributes directly web-builder open grasslands, we increased adding dead woody stems a...

Colouration and patterning are widespread amongst organisms. Regarding avian eggs, colouration (reflectances) has been previously measured using spectrometers whereas spottiness determined human‐based scoring methods or by applying global thresholding over the luminance channel on photographs. However, availability of powerful computers digital image‐processing algorithms software offers new possibilities to develop systematised, automatable, accurate characterise visual information in eggs....

In ground‐nesting birds egg colour and appearance may have evolved due to opposite selection pressures. Pigmentation spottiness make the eggs darker been suggested improve camouflage. However more spotted reach higher temperatures when not attended by adults receiving direct sunlight, which be lethal for embryos. Some authors that this trade‐off exist because eggshell pigments mainly reflect in infrared region of solar spectrum, but considered wavelengths visible part spectrum also...

Abstract Solar radiation is an important driver of animal coloration, not only because the effects coloration on body temperature but also may protect from deleterious UV radiation. Indeed, dark , increase risk overheating. In addition, effect thermoregulation should change with egg size, as smaller eggs have higher surface‐volume ratios and greater convective coefficients than larger eggs, so that small can dissipate heat quickly. We tested whether reflectance eggshells, spottiness, size...

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effect of plant spacing and predator–prey ratio on dispersal foraging efficiency predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, twospotted spider Tetranychus urticae. When predators were released at end mite-infested arrays lima bean plants that had either no or two different patterns among rows, damage uniformly low throughout both ratios (1:10 3:10) in treatment with spacing. In contrast, higher treatments where rows interrupted by At 1:10...

Brood parasitized and/or colonial birds use egg features as visual identity signals, which allow parents to recognize their own eggs and avoid paying fitness costs of misdirecting care others' offspring. However, the mechanisms recognition discrimination are poorly understood. Most studies have put focus on individual abilities carry out these behavioural tasks, while less attention has been paid how its signals may evolve enhance identification. We used 92 clutches (460 eggs) Eurasian coot...

Abstract. 1. Prey interact with multiple kinds of enemies such as predators, parasites, and pathogens. Interactions among can alter prey dynamics but they are often studied separately. 2. During the summers 2005–2006, we conducted a field experiment to examine interactions grasshoppers, spider lethal fungal pathogen grasshoppers. Grasshopper nymphs were stocked into enclosures. Predation was manipulated by adding spiders enclosures on day 1, 5, or 10 experiment, no added. We monitored...

Many studies addressing the use of nest materials by animals have focused on only one factor to explain its function. However, consideration more than could apparently maladaptive choice that make nests conspicuous predators. We experimentally tested whether there is a trade-off in between risks egg predation versus protection from overheating. studied ground-nesting Kentish plover, Charadrius alexandrinus, southern Spain. added differing thermal properties and coloration nests, thus...

A simple and robust solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the cleanup sample preconcentration of antifungals (ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole) their metabolites after incubation with human liver microsomes, as well a simplified capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method rapid analysis, have been developed to determine stability these compounds in vitro samples. Three different pretreatment procedures using SPE reversed-phase sorbents (100 mg C8, 100...

Public institutions, such as law enforcement agencies or health centers, have a vast volume of unstructured text documents, e.g. police reports. Currently, before this data can be shared (e.g. with research institutions), it must go through lengthy and costly human anonymization procedure. This paper addresses issue by presenting AGORA, cutting-edge tool that automatically identifies key entities anonymizes sensitive in documents. AGORA has been developed partnership the Spanish National...

Lay Summary • There is equivocal support for direct associations between maternal quality and deposition of protoporphyrin pigmentation (dark spots blotches) in avian eggshells. Research on eggshell has primarily focused a single order (Passeriformes). We examined protoporphyrin-based with female phenotypic genetic traits non-passerine species, the Eurasian Coot. Deposition eggshells (total number per area egg spots) positively correlated condition expression putative bare-part ornament...

Subtle changes in stress physiology during critical developmental stages have been linked to long-term fitness; however, the biological processes and phenotypic responses early-life rearing environments, such as anthropogenic land use conditions, not fully evaluated insectivorous birds. We manipulated Tree Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor (Vieillot, 1808)) brood sizes at sites with contrasting agricultural assess body condition genetic physiological biomarkers of sensitive nestling growth phase....

Social media messages often provide insights into offline behaviors. Although hate speech proliferates rapidly across social platforms, it is rarely recognized as a cybercrime, even when may be linked to crimes that typically involve physical violence. This paper aims anticipate violent acts by analyzing online (hatred, toxicity, and sentiment) comparing crime. The dataset for this preregistered study included posts from X (previously called Twitter) Facebook internal police records of...

Capsule Cases of mixed clutches in raptor nests are very scarce the literature. Among 279 harrier monitored between 1991–1996 and 2010–2011 two different areas central Spain, quail eggs were found one nest, 13 others contained partridge eggs. Harrier smaller which galliform eggs, therefore more similar size appearance to foreign may suggest a maladaptative behaviour on part galliforms.

Tradicionalmente se han empleado dos métodos para extraer pigmentos de cascarones huevos aves. Están aquellos que usan ácidos fuertes (p. ej., sulfúrico, clorhídrico o fórmico), permiten una cuantificación las concentraciones pigmentos, pero con los muestras son destruidas. Alternativamente, hay emplean débiles acético) no destruyen muestras, cuantificar y solo su presencia es detectada. En algunos casos, puede ser interés en ya detectado pigmentos. este estudio hemos valorado si cantidades...