For 100 years, there has been no change in the basic structure of electrical power grid. Experiences have shown that hierarchical, centrally controlled grid 20th Century is ill-suited to needs 21st Century. To address challenges existing grid, new concept smart emerged. The can be considered as a modern electric infrastructure for enhanced efficiency and reliability through automated control, high-power converters, communications infrastructure, sensing metering technologies, energy...

Information and communication technologies (ICT) represent a fundamental element in the growth performance of smart grids. A sophisticated, reliable fast infrastructure is, fact, necessary for connection among huge amount distributed elements, such as generators, substations, energy storage systems users, enabling real time exchange data information management system ensuring improvements terms efficiency, reliability, flexibility investment return all those involved grid: producers,...

Power converters offer a high capability to efficiently manage electrical energy flows. Until few years ago, their primary use was in supplying motors industrial applications and electric traction systems. Nowadays, addition those fields they are employed very wide range of low, medium, power including residential applications, renewable systems, distributed generation, automotive. Since digital control represents key element modern converters, this paper presents review on devices...

Modular multilevel converters (MMC) represent an interesting and emerging topology in medium-voltage motor drive applications. The main challenge of using such a variable-speed drives is the large voltage ripple submodule capacitors at low speed with constant torque. In this paper, improved circulating current injection method proposed, which does not completely eliminate capacitor ripple, but maintains it bounded within reasonable values. As result, magnitude injected reduced, leading to...

The smart grid (SG) is envisioned as providing a communications network for the energy industry, similar to that which Internet now provides business and personal communications. SG offers new opportunities different kind of industries, such smart-meter vendors, electric utilities, telecom operators from all around world. This article deals with issues related homes (SHs) metering, are key elements in SG. It introduces players this field points out research challenges. Finally, pilot...

This paper proposes an analytical procedure for computation of all pairs valid switching angles used in pattern generation five-level H-bridge cascaded inverters. The proposed eliminates harmonic components from inverter output voltage and, each harmonic, returns the exact boundaries modulation index intervals. Due to its simple mathematical formulation, it can be easily implemented real time using a digital signal processor or field-programmable gate array. In this paper, after detailed...

This paper presents theoretical and practical results about dynamic analysis, frequency response, control of a LLC resonant dc/dc converter operating under wide input voltage load variations. A nonlinear model for the was developed using extended describing function method; then, based on derived model, observer-based controller designed implemented with digital signal processor. Transient responses obtained output variations show that proposed is capable to stabilize effectively....

In distributed generation, high power capability and efficiency are very important requirements. For this reason, paper proposes a new analytical procedure for selective harmonic elimination in five-level inverters operating at fundamental frequency. each modulation index, the proposed method calculates all possible switching angles eliminating specified odd from output voltage. The has limited computational complexity, simple cost-effective real-time implementation, full of integration with...

Model predictive current controller is a popular and effective technique to provide fast dynamic response in the field of motor control. However, conventional controllers are susceptible deteriorating control performance when model mismatch exists, such as changes parameters due temperature variations. Therefore, this article proposes precise model-aid extended state observer (MAESO) compensation-based real-time with enhanced parameter robustness high bandwidth. The converted into form...

A numerical study is proposed to investigate the effects of different RF sources on specific absorption rate (SAR) and maximum temperature increase in human eye at frequencies. In particular, a new model head presented compared with an anatomical visible human. The high resolution (0.5 mm) allows consider more tissues than previous studies distinguishing sclera from retina choroid. New values blood perfusion metabolic these are derived. plane-wave field considered as far-field exposure,...

We consider the tracking control problem for a class of stochastic nonlinear systems in strict-feedback structure via output feedback signal this article. The controlled plant is assumed subject to unknown dead-zone input. By utilizing fact that input function can be modeled as time-varying and bounded disturbance, selecting appropriate design parameters, we show effect dead zone compensated. fuzzy state observer logic modeling technique estimate system states. Then, prove, Lyapunov...

An experimental procedure to detect and localize defects in shielded cables is presented. First, time-domain measurements are carried out by injecting a short rise time pulse the input section of cable. Then, clean algorithm applied measurement results identify possible damages cable line. The localization with finally obtained very simple way due adopted method domain using ultrawide-band pulser fast time. proposed validated detecting localizing known purposely introduced test cables.

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Planar transformers (PTs) are of particular interest in switching mode power supplies and, more generally, converter design. They provide enhanced performance, compactness, ruggedness, constant quality, and low cost. Their optimum performance can, however, only be obtained through an accurate design which accounts for both electromagnetic thermal problems. For that reason, this paper proposes a...

The FPGA represents a valid solution for the design of control systems inverters adopted in field PV because their high flexibility use. This paper presents an experimental analysis MC SPWM techniques three-phase, five-level, cascaded H-Bridge inverter with controller-based. Several algorithms are implemented by means VHDL programming language and output voltage waveforms obtained from main PWM compared terms THD%. Simulation results analysed, discussed.

This paper proposes a new pulse amplitude width modulation (PAWM) procedure for cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverters fed by dc voltage sources with unequal amplitudes. With proposed procedure, the generated output is obtained modulating sinusoidal reference signal at desired fundamental frequency equally spaced switching angles. It has been analytically demonstrated that, under these assumptions, all harmonics except those of order n = 2kl ± 1, k 2, . are deleted from waveform. After...

Contouring control is one of the most important tasks for dual-linear-motor-driven gantry system (DLMDGS), whose performance determines in various precision machining equipment, mainly industrial machine tools. Nevertheless, there are some limitations present results, including insufficient consideration uncertainty and approximation errors introduced by computation path length. To overcome these issues, effects rotational dynamic uncertainties studied further refined this article, a robust...

This paper presents an overview and experimental analysis of the MC SPWM techniques for single-phase cascaded H-bridge inverter. The multilevel power converters are alternative to traditional known as "three-level converters". voltage waveforms related frequency spectra, which have been obtained by simulation in Matlab-Simulink environment, here reported all proposed modulation techniques. results experimentally validated through means a DC/AC, five-level, converter prototype with...

The papers in this special section focus on multilevel inverters and applications for their use. This will be divided into at least two parts. first explores a new module cascaded inverter is proposed. named as Envelope Type (E-Type) can generate 13 levels with reduced components. A focuses general topology based connection of sub-multilevel units switching components, DC voltage sources blocked by switches proposed optimized to any minimum number components peak switches.

In this paper a generalized formulation for Selective Harmonic Mitigation Pulse Amplitude Modulation (SHM-PAM) has been presented to control Cascaded H-bridge (CHB) inverter with non-equal DC sources. Consistent the proposed SHM-PAM technique, switching angles are attained constant while calculated magnitudes of sources vary linearly all modulation indexes (m <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a</sub> ). fact, in SHM-PAM, pulse...

Smart Grid improves the electricity grid infrastructure by introducing new powerful communication system between consumer and supplier. Implementation of smart meters increases availability detail level load profile data. To improve efficient planning development this power system, a primary challenge is to analyze consumption energy or achieve our objective we choose best analytic process data mining techniques including exploratory analysis preprocessing, frequent patterns associations,...

A recursive method that eliminates <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n+1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> harmonics and their respective multiples from the output voltage of a cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multilevel inverters with notation="LaTeX">$s=2^{n}$ dc sources notation="LaTeX">$(n=1,2,3,\ldots)$ is proposed. It solves notation="LaTeX">$2 \times 2$ linear systems no singular matrices always...

DC current injection is a common problem in grid-tied inverters and it especially emphasized when transformers are employed to sense the current. Although dc elimination already addressed for linear controllers, not faced model predictive control. This manuscript proposes strategy cascaded H-bridge (CHB) static synchronous compensators controlled by finite control set (FCS-MPC). In addition two optimization layers of typical FCS-MPC, this article using third layer balance voltages clusters....