A diffusion model describing the propagation of photon flux in epidermal, dermal, and subcutaneous tissue layers skin is presented. Assuming that illuminated by a collimated, finite-aperture source, we develop expressions relating density within intensities re-emitted from surface to optical properties individual layers. Model simulations show rate at which diminish with radial distance away source can provide information about absorption scattering underlying tissues. Re-emitted measured...

Mueller matrix polarimetry is regarded as a promising technique in the field of biomedicine, especially for pathological diagnosis. However, current studies on imaging sections are all at tissue-level, and cellular-level polarization information difficult to obtain. To overcome this challenge, we first propose method accurate quantitative identification tissues study. Benefiting from significant birefringent behavior paraffin unstained sections, proposed can locate distribution areas...

High accuracy and fast polarization measurements at a low light field are significant in various applications, spanning from quantum optics to diagnosis of living biological tissue. In this paper, we developed an optimized spatially modulated polarimetry (OSMP) with efficient calibration method that establishes quantitative link between the intensity distribution arbitrary incident state four distributions specific input states. Such not only considers total polarimetric errors induced by...

Polarization aberration of hyper-numerical-aperture projection optics should be measured accurately in order to control it exactly and ensure favorable imaging performance. A hybrid calibration method combining the Fourier analysis eigenvalue is proposed. wide-view-angle Mueller polarimeter (WMP) exemplified demonstrate capability proposed method, which can calibrate determine error budget polarizing elements polarimeter. In addition, an experimental setup a WMP are developed in-house...

High-numerical aperture (NA>0.6) Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter (MMIP) (high-NA MMIP) is urgently needed for higher resolution. Usually, the working distance of high-NA MMIP too short to perform in situ calibration by a usual reference sample, such as polarizer and retarder plates. The polarization effects substrate that attach sample are never calibrated. So, resolution accuracy hard further promote. In this paper, holistic efficient method innovated MMIP. Two film polarizers well blank...

The channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) measures the spectrally-resolved Stokes vector from a snapshot by employing spectral modulation. modulation transfer function (SMTF) of spectrometer preferentially suppresses high-frequency channel amplitude in CSP, resulting reduced measurement accuracy. This paper rigorously derives SMTF theory and proposes an efficient calibration method for via shifting CSP. value, obtained shifting, is used to correct amplitude. Moreover, alignment phase errors, as...

Channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) measures spectrally resolved Stokes vector of light and Mueller matrix sample from a snapshot. While reconstruction calibration methods for CSP have been well established, their counterparts are lacking. In this paper, we propose spectrum calibration. is modeled as modulation matrix, linking the to be measured modulated spectrometer. We describe an optimization problem solve spectrum, where both regularizer residual threshold constrain result, making our...

An efficient calibration method of total polarimetric errors in a channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Total errors, including alignment retardance as well those caused by nonideal retarders the polarizer CSP, are considered calibrated. We first construct calibrated modulation matrix CSP directly measuring Mueller spectrum polarization module CSP. Compared to previously reported works that required 1074 measurements, our requires only 16 individual...

A channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) measures spectrally resolved Stokes parameters from a snapshot. However, the reconstruction of may suffer noise and systemic errors, lowering measurement accuracy. To accurately reconstruct experimental data with random residual systematic errors after calibration, we propose an adaptive linear regularizer (ALRR) for CSP. By modeling l1-norm optimization problem 1-norm consisting coefficients Legendre polynomials basis, together threshold considering...

Mueller matrix imaging polarimeters (MMIPs) have been developed in the wavelength region of >400nm with great potential many fields yet leaving a void instrumentation and application ultraviolet (UV) region. For first time to our knowledge, an UV-MMIP is for high resolution, sensitivity, accuracy at 265 nm. A modified polarization state analyzer designed applied suppress stray light nice images, errors measured matrices are calibrated lower than 0.007 pixel level. The finer performance...

Liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) are the core component for rapid and high-precision broadband polarization detection. Additionally, ability to suppress noise greatly affects results of measurements. In this work, a solving optimal design approach is proposed building high-performance Stokes polarimeter based on LCVRs, which reduces influences data fluctuation from liquid crystals dispersion experimental results. This method relies evaluation criteria condition number (CN) build...

We describe a sensitive polarimeter for measuring optical rotation induced by chiral molecules in solution that operates the reflectance mode. A polarized light beam is made to pass through liquid sample two or more times before detection reflecting from surface of container. The activity measured using differential polarization detector. Our results show that, certain initial states and angular orientations with respect glass interfaces, high sensitivity changes concentration can be...

Channeled spectropolarimeter (CSP) measures the spectrally resolved Stokes vector of light from only one single spectral acquisition, which makes it possible to accurately measure dynamic events. The accurate reconstruction plays a key role in this snapshot technique shifting main burden measurement computational work. state-ofthe-art algorithm runs Fourier transform channeled spectrum or linear operator model system and its pseudo-inverse reconstruct vector. However, they may suffer lack...

We describe a method by which liquid-crystal light valve can be modulated electronically to simulate the optical signals measured pulse oximeter. The design of prototype calibrator based on this is presented.

Vortex beams have drawn much attention for their distinct properties. When vortex propagate along optical axis, they exhibit complicated physical phenomena. Under tight focusing condition, we investigate the defocusing behavior of two superposed with opposite but arbitrary topological charge. The results reveal that intensity distribution focus will be petal-shaped if charges sign, where number lobes in focal plane is |<i>m</i>− <i>n</i> + 2| . Meanwhile, find charge <i>m</i> = −<i>n</i>...

Mueller polarization imaging technology can fully reflect the characteristics of sample, and be used as a method for thin pathological sections collagen tissue samples. So far, there has been no actual publication about detection transplanted tendons using matrix technology. In this paper, we apply polarimeter quantitative rabbit tendon samples with or without tenocytes. The polar decomposition parameters tissues are calculated analyzed. Quantitative analysis showed that tenocytes caused...

Polarization aberration of projection optics should be measured, controlled and compensated accurately in high numericalaperture image optical system, such as lithography tools for technical node 14-5 nm. In this paper, we develop a threestep eigenvalue calibration method polarization measurement in-situ accurately. The whole system subsystems can calibrated by using the wide-view-angle quarter-wave plate one reference samples. addition, an experimental tool is developed to implement...

Depolarization and linear-retardance are the increasingly interesting polarization characteristics for disease diagnosis in clinic scientific study. They can not only be obtained by Mueller polarimetry normally, but also Stokes polarimetric imaging. imaging with circularly polarized illumination provide main optical properties of tissues a simpler device shorter time, which is much more attractive. Unfortunately, it difficult to realize standard actually experiments. In this paper, we...

Mueller matrix polarimetry is regarded as a promising technique to comprehensively provide the optical and microstructural information of tissues. Especially, for pathological diagnosis, imaging can be used powerful tool detect structural features abnormal tissue areas on sections. However, comparative study polarization characteristics sections with different preparation state still needed help decide which kinds effectively diagnosis. In this paper, we apply polarimeter quantitative...

Optical vortices have been applied in many fields for their distinct properties. In this paper, we explore the focusing intensity distribution of radially and azimuthally polarized vortex beam (VB) with varying waist parameter. The results reveal that low parameter is beneficial to form a super-resolution spot. condition high parameter, VB along longitudinal direction would split multi-spots. Meanwhile, focal plane become non-symmetrical as well expansion when increase. Therefore,...

Recently, micro-retarder arrays consisting of patterned liquid crystal polymer or sub-wavelength grating with four different orientations are widely used in division focal plane(DOFP)Stokes polarimeters. However, due to thermal sensitivity crystal, real-time calibration the instruments is required achieve high-precision detection under non-isothermal conditions. Sub-wavelength require sophisticated process, and study influence structure errors on measurement accuracy has been rarely...

Mueller matrix images(MMI) contain complete polarization information of the media. decomposition technique, where polar decomposition(MMPD) and differential decomposition(MMDD) are widely used to decompose MMI, is key extract intrinsic polarimetry characteristics biological tissues. For tissue Satish et al. expressed that MMDD was more suitable for polarimetric analysis tissues, while Alali pointed out did not offer a great advantage over MMPD. To deal with this problem, we explore how...

Mueller matrix polarization imaging system (MMPIS) is one of the most prospective tools that can provide a highresolution image properties for samples or systems. The MMPIS composed laser source, state generator (PSG), sample, analyzer (PSA), high-resolution optics, collimating and CCD camera. Usually, traditional eigenvalue calibration method (ECM) be used to calibrate PSG PSA. However, optics are not calibrated in MMPIS. For highnumerical-aperture system, behave as aberration modifying...