This article presents 4 experiments aimed at defining the primary underlying phonological processing deficit(s) in adult dyslexia. 5 processes, all involving spoken language, were studied: phoneme perception, awareness, lexical retrieval of phonology, articulatory speed, and phonetic coding verbal short-term memory. 2 differently ascertained dyslexic groups, familial dyslexics (n = 15) clinic 15), subjects each experiment. These groups chosen because deficits that persist until adulthood are...

Abstract Within the nasal cavity of mammals is a complex scaffold paper‐thin bones that function in respiration and olfaction. Known as turbinals, greatly enlarge surface area available for conditioning inspired air, reducing water loss, improving Given their functional significance, relative development turbinal might be expected to differ among species with distinct olfactory, thermoregulatory and/or conservation requirements. Here we explore olfactory respiratory turbinals latitude diet...

Mantis shrimp strike with extreme impact forces that are deadly to prey. They also conspecifics during territorial contests, yet theoretical and empirical findings in aggressive behaviour research suggest competitors should resolve conflicts using signals before escalating dangerous combat. We tested how Neogonodactylus bredini uses two ritualized behaviours size-matched contests: meral spread visual displays telson (tailplate) strikes. predicted (i) most contests would be resolved by...

Safe and effective conflict resolution is critical for survival reproduction. Theoretical models describe how animals resolve by assessing their own and/or opponent's ability (resource holding potential, RHP), yet experimental tests of these are often inconclusive. Recent reviews have suggested this uncertainty could be alleviated using multiple approaches to test assessment models. The mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus bredini presents visual displays ritualistically exchanges high-force...

Although perception begins when a stimulus is transduced by sensory neuron, numerous perceptual mechanisms can modify information as it processed an animal's nervous system. One such mechanism categorical perception, in which (1) continuously varying stimuli are labelled belonging to discrete number of categories and (2) there enhanced discrimination between from different compared with equally within the same category. We have shown previously that female zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata...

Abstract The information an animal gathers from its environment, including that associated with signals, often varies continuously. Animals may respond to this continuous variation in a physical stimulus as lying discrete categories rather than along continuum, phenomenon known categorical perception. Categorical perception was first described the context of speech and thought be uniquely human language. Subsequent work has since discovered functions communication decision-making across...

Cleaner shrimp and their reef fish clients are an interspecific mutualistic interaction that is thought to be mediated by signals, a useful system for studying the dynamics of signalling. To demonstrate signalling, one must show purported signals at minimum (a) result in consistent state change receiver (b) contain reliable information about sender's intrinsic or future behaviour. Additionally, perceptible receivers. Here, we document fundamental attributes signalling between cleaner...

ABSTRACT Animals deliver and withstand physical impacts in diverse behavioral contexts, from competing rams clashing their antlers together to archerfish impacting prey with jets of water. Though the ability animals impact has generally been studied by focusing on morphology, behaviors may also influence resistance. Mantis shrimp exchange high-force strikes each other's coiled, armored telsons (tailplates) during contests over territory. Prior work shown that telson morphology high I...

War, in human and animal societies, can be extremely costly but also offer significant benefits to the victorious group. We might expect groups go into battle when potential of victory (

Measurements of energy use, and its scaling with size, are critical to understanding how organisms accomplish myriad tasks. For example, budgets central game theory models assessment during contests underlie patterns feeding behavior. Clear tests connecting behavioral require measurements the use single individuals for particular behaviors. Many species mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda: Crustacea) elastic storage power high-speed strikes that they deliver opponents territorial hard-shelled prey...

Research that integrates animal behavior theory with mechanics-including biomechanics, physiology, and functional morphology-can reveal how organisms accomplish tasks crucial to their fitness. Despite the insights can be gained from this interdisciplinary approach, biomechanics commonly neglects a behavioral context research generally does not consider mechanics. Here, we aim encourage study of "mechanoethology," an area investigation intended encompass integrative studies mechanics...

Abstract In humans and other animal societies, groups engage in intergroup conflicts over resources. The success of these depends on individual contributions to collective fighting, yet individuals may have personal fitness incentives defect rather than fight, which could undermine group performance. Here we test the hypothesis that affect conflict wild banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ). this species, fights are sometimes initiated by estrous females, who gain outgroup matings while their...

Abstract In the context of mate choice, males may vary continuously in their expression assessment signals, typically reflecting information about variation quality. Similarly, females exhibit preference, which could be due to differences how individual perceive signals. The extent perception varies across individuals, however, and whether sensory physiology underlie perceptual is poorly understood. Carotenoid pigments create orange-red coloration many they also play a role color...

Conflicts between social groups or “intergroup contests” are proposed to play a major role in the evolution of cooperation and organization humans some nonhuman animal societies. In humans, success warfare other collective conflicts depends on both fighting group size presence actions key individuals, such as leaders talismanic warriors. Understanding determinants intergroup contest warlike animals may help reveal these contests evolution. Using 19 y data encounters particularly violent...

AbstractSensory systems are predicted to be adapted the perception of important stimuli, such as signals used in communication. Prior work has shown that female zebra finches perceive carotenoid-based orange-red coloration male beaks-a mate choice signal-categorically. Specifically, females exhibited an increased ability discriminate between colors from opposite sides a perceptual category boundary than equally different same side boundary. The Bengalese finch, estrildid finch related is...

Abstract Conflicts between stable social groups (“intergroup conflicts”) can be damaging and exert a strong influence on within‐group behaviour. The success of during intergroup conflict may depend the ability individual group members to converge upon collective defence behaviour, such as approaching or attacking. In principle, achieved via united front, in which each responds same way an threat. We tested impact simulated conflicts behaviour banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ), cooperatively...

Abstract Many animals use assessment signals to resolve contests over limited resources while minimizing the costs of those contests. The carotenoid‐based orange red bills male zebra finches ( Taeniopygia guttata ) are thought function as in male–male contests, but behavioral analyses relating contest behaviors and outcomes bill coloration have yielded mixed results. We examined relationship between color incorporating measurements perception testosterone (T) production, for an integrative...

ECR Spotlight is a series of interviews with early-career authors from selection papers published in Journal Experimental Biology and aims to promote not only the diversity researchers (ECRs) working experimental biology but also huge variety animals physiological systems that are essential for ‘comparative’ approach. Patrick Green, author ‘ Behavior morphology combine influence energy dissipation mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda)’, JEB. starting as an Assistant Professor at Brown University, USA,...

Abstract A major goal in evolutionary biology is to elucidate common principles that drive human and other animal societies adopt either a warlike or peaceful nature. One proposed explanation for the variation aggression between democratic peace hypothesis. According this theory, autocracies are more than democracies because autocratic leaders can pursue fights private gain. However, decision-making processes not unique humans widely observed across diverse range of non-human societies. We...

In order to provide a theoretical basis for the degradation of air path performance civil aviation engines at unit level, CFM56-3 engine was used as research object. First, on using characteristic map scaling method obtain component equation, selection process reference point fan general optimized, and surface fitting proposed construct an component-level benchmark model that meets specific speed conditions under steady-state conditions. Then, by introducing fault factor generate coefficient...

The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence and significance of Cryptosporidium infection in humans based on their regular contact with domestic animals. A total six hundred fecal samples from respondents were examined for oocyst using cold Ziehl-Neelson staining method. Questionnaires also administered derive desired information. Of 600 examined, there 13.5% incidence infection. More children (25.5%) infected than adults (3.04%). Diarrhoeic accounted 74% positive cases, while...