Renewable energy sources normally provide low inertia, which allows a little time for controlling the system. The inertia emulation has recently been introduced photovoltaic (PV) generation to fight against small and improve efficiency. main purpose of this article is analyze stability virtual inertia-based three-phase two-stage PV system smart grid applications. Dynamics DC/DC converter, DC/AC AC side filter, controller, controllers converters are considered in modeling procedure....

In recent years, the development of hydrogen energy has been widely discussed, particularly in combination with renewable sources, enabling production “green” hydrogen. With significant increase wind power generation, a promising solution for obtaining green is wind-to-hydrogen (W2H) systems. However, high proportion and electrolyzers large-scale W2H system will bring about problem consumption frequency stability reduction. This paper analyzes operational characteristics economic feasibility...

The flexible VSC-HVDC transmission system with technical and economic feasibility is going mainstream in the long-distance of offshore wind power along its development. But interaction between control device turbine generator might lead to oscillations at frequency ranging from several Hz over a thousand Hz. Moreover, there an oscillation coupling feature. This paper takes three-phase grid-connected inverter as starting point explain new characteristics system, then establishes model direct...

Recently, the increasing integration of power electronic converters interfaced renewable energy sources (RES) has posed great challenges to stability modern systems. Grid-forming (GFM) storage systems (ESS) are an effective means mitigate issues such as weak grid support capacity and frequency fluctuations. This paper establishes a hybrid system model comprising grid-following (GFL) GFM converters. The adopted virtual synchronous generator (VSG) enhances grids with high penetration. Based on...

In the power system, integration of power-to-gas and carbon capture systems (P2G-CCS) within microgrid enables conversion electrical energy into hydrogen or methane while simultaneously capturing CO2 emissions from generation units. This approach significantly mitigates supports transition to a low-carbon system. Concurrently, dynamic properties gas–thermal network exert critical influence on flexibility system scheduling regulation multi-energy coupling. Hence, this paper puts forward an...

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a robust nonlinear controller for voltage source converters (VSCs) connected to weak AC grids. Feedback linearization method is used develop control inputs that regulate active power output grid-connected converter. The frequency-domain model an LCL filter in dq-frame blocks small-signal stability analysis. Impact phase-locked loop (PLL) added block through feedforward loops. It shown unlike vector controlled converters, proposed not...

This article presents a distributed periodic event-triggered (PET) optimal control scheme to achieve generation cost minimization and average bus voltage regulation in DC microgrids. In order accommodate the constraints of generators (DGs), virtual incremental is firstly designed, based on which an optimality condition derived facilitate design. To meet discrete-time (DT) nature modern systems, controller directly developed DT domain. Afterward, reduce communication requirement among...

In isolated ac microgrids, multiple controllable distributed energy resources (DERs) may simultaneously participate in load frequency control (LFC). To improve system dynamics and reduce the deviation for such a multiple-DER microgrid,this paper presents novel LFC method based on an optimal reset (ORC) scheme. The proposed ORC comprises baseline linear controller resetting elements, i.e., integrator outputs, determined by quadratic regulation problem. overshoot induced integral is reduced,...

To accommodate the pulsed power load (PPL) in dc shipboard system, charging performance of energy storage system (ESS) specialized for PPL needs to be guaranteed, which leads a challenging optimal control problem due multiple objectives, operational constraints, complex nonlinear structure, and uncertainties. This paper addresses this by using model-free method based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL). First, with three objectives input constraints is formulated, where include fast ESS...

Pulsed power loads (PPLs) consume a huge amount of energy within short time. An storage system (ESS) is usually installed in shipboard (SPS) for PPL accommodation. Online accommodation strategies, where the connected to SPS through ESS all time, have great advantages reducing hardware cost and increasing deployment frequency. But there lack online solutions deal with operational requirements. This article presents barrier-Lyapunov-function-based optimal control solution dc SPSs. By...

In this article, the charging control of energy storage system for pulse power load accommodation in a shipboard integrated (SIPS) is formulated as an optimal problem. The SIPS input-affine nonlinear with randomness and fast dynamics. improved twin-delayed deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm -one reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms, proposed to solve DRL-based solution considers issues regarding reward function design input ramp rate constraints handling variables. approach...

Massive integration of converter-based renewable energy sources into power systems through weak AC grid has become a dilemma in recent years. This paper investigates the design robust nonlinear multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) controller for voltage source converters (VSCs) connected to grids. Feedback linearization method is used find equations and inputs regulate active output converter. With this approach, designed way that impedance impact on stability converter system significantly...

Online deployment of pulsed power load (PPL) is one the most challenging issues in DC shipboard integrated systems (SIPSs), which leads to a multi-objective optimal control problem subject various constraints this paper. Since traditional model-based methods face difficulties designing policy and are prone model inaccuracy parameter uncertainty, there an urgent need for model-free also high-performance approach. Thus, deep reinforcement learning (DRL) control, employs twin-delayed...

The complexity and nonlinearity of active distribution network (ADN), coupled with the fast-changing renewable energy (RE), necessitate advanced real-time safe dispatch approach. This paper proposes a complementary reinforcement learning (RL) optimization approach, namely SA2CO, to address coordinated storage systems (ESSs) in ADN. proposed approach leverages RL's capability make fast decision model inaccuracies, while methods ensure ADN security. Furthermore, hybrid data-driven...

The growing penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in active distribution networks (ADNs) leads to complex and uncertain operation scenarios, resulting significant deviations risks for the ADN operation. In this study, a collaborative capacity planning distributed resources an is proposed enhance RES accommodation capability. variability RESs, characteristics adjustable demand response resources, bi-directional power flow, security limitations are considered model. To address noise...

With the ongoing integration of renewable energy and storage into power grid, voltage safety issue has become a significant challenge for distribution system. Therefore, this study proposes coordinated operation systems with reactive compensators. Taking account benefits equipped compensators market clearing process, bi-level optimization model is formulated. In proposed model, upper-level formulates bidding strategy aims at maximizing revenue; lower-level carries out market-clearing process...

In order to improve the capacity of DC-DC converter, a large-capacity converter with input-series-input-parallel output-series-output-parallel (ISIPOSOP) connection is proposed in this paper.The consisting multiple basic modules has ability withstand high voltage and large current at both sides.Firstly, paper presents structure ISIPOSOP converter.Its characteristic withstanding sides concluded theory.Secondly, for fulfilling fast stability output system, an output-voltage control strategy...

Abstract For pulsed power load (PPL) accommodation in a medium‐voltage DC (MVDC) shipboard system (SPS), the charging control of energy storage systems (ESSs) and generation distributed generators (DGs) need to be properly coordinated. Targeting important but not well‐studied problem, an optimal output‐constrained algorithm for offline PPL strategy is presented. Three objectives including realising references, maintaining bus supercapacitor voltages within safe operating ranges, minimising...