ZnO is a wide band gap, naturally n-type semiconductor with great promise for optoelectronic applications; the main obstacle yet to be overcome p-type doping. Nitrogen, most promising candidate currently being pursued as dopant, has been predicted preferentially incorporate into lattice in form of N-2 molecule at an O site when plasma source used, leading compensation rather than We demonstrate this incorrect by using N K-edge x-ray absorption spectra and comparing them first-principles...

Superconducting stripline detectors (SSLDs) are promising for detecting keV molecules at nanosecond response times and with mass-independent detection efficiency. However, a fast time is incompatible practical centimeter detector size. A parallel configuration of striplines provides means to address this problem. Experimental results simulation promisingly large 1-mm-square niobium SSLDs show that pulses produced by superconducting-normal transition within only one the instead cascade...

The migration of Cr, Mn, Ni, and Xe implanted in sapphire during post-implantation thermal annealing is investigated by Rutherford backscattering (RBS)/channeling studies. Thermal was performed air or vacuum. It shown that the epitaxial recrystallization implantation-damaged region dominantly causes ions when there little no solid solubility ion species sapphire. This mechanism strongly relates to formation oriented precipitates. When migrate toward surface, surface precipitates oxides are...

We have applied superconducting stripline detectors (SSLDs) for time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) as molecule detectors. Two SSLDs, which consist of 7-nm-thick niobium nitride (NbN) striplines with different linewidths 200 or 300 nm on a MgO substrate, were fabricated to investigate the effects kinetic inductance time resolution. observed ultrafast ion detection signals risetimes 360–640 ps, and successfully obtained spectra peptide, Angiotensin I, protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA)...

A large-area (200×200 μm2) superconducting stripline detector based on a parallel configuration of Nb nanowires is presented. We show that the provides smart way to control physical nonequilibrium state induced by molecular impacts, which allows realizing large sensitive area and subnanosecond response at same time. The experiments were carried out with ions radiation in keV energy range. observed rise time was below 400 ps relaxation 500 ps, best this class detectors.

Fluorescence-yield X-ray absorption fine structure (FY-XAFS) is extensively used for investigating atomic-scale local structures around specific elements in functional materials. However, conventional FY-XAFS instruments frequently cannot cover trace light elements, example dopants wide gap semiconductors, because of insufficient energy resolution semiconductor detectors. Here we introduce a superconducting XAFS (SC-XAFS) apparatus to measure near-edge (XANES) n-type dopant N atoms (4 ×1019...

As-deposited epitaxial YBa2Cu3Ox thin films have been prepared by ArF excimer laser deposition followed a rapid cooling with controlled oxygen pressure. The best film after the has Tc zero resistance of 88 K and Jc (77 K) 5.5×105 A/cm2. It observed that c-lattice parameter decreases, is, content x increases from ∼6 to 7, increasing pressure during cooling. relation between is almost consistent for powder sample being in thermal equilibrium. We conclude as-deposited determined equilibrium process.

Abstract A double‐focusing mass spectrometer (MS) equipped with a superconducting‐tunnel‐junction (STJ) detector has been applied to measure relative ionization cross‐sections for the production of ions that are accompanied by different ion species same mass‐to‐charge ( m / z ) value. The STJ fabricated this study enables kinetic energy E measurement incoming individual at counting rate up ∼100 k ions/s and an resolution (Δ 15%. Both high high‐energy necessary independently determine both...

Superconducting nano-stripline detectors (SSLDs) are promising for realizing ideal ion detection in mass spectrometry. We have investigated the efficiency of a niobium nitride (NbN) SSLD, measuring bias current dependence Ar+, Ar2+, and Ar3+ ions accelerated by static voltages between 0.5 3 kV. The exhibited distinct plateau high region an abrupt reduction at certain (threshold current) that decreased with increasing kinetic energy. It was found energy threshold is consistent hot-spot model.

Fast detectors with large area are required in time-of-flight mass spectrometers for high throughput analysis of biological molecules. We fabricated and characterized subnanosecond 1×1 mm2 NbN superconducting strip-line detectors. The influence the thickness on temporal characteristics efficiency detector impacts keV accelerated molecules is investigated. find that increase improves both response time. In thicker sample we achieved a rise time 380 ps, fall 1.38 ns, higher count rate. physics...

We have been developing superconducting time-of-flight mass spectrometry systems that utilize strip particle detectors and single-flux-quantum (SFQ) time-to-digital converters (TDCs). previously demonstrated a 24-bit SFQ TDC with 3 × first-in first-out (FIFO) buffer using the AIST Nb standard process (STP2) time resolution of 100 ps. In this study, we improved by current recycling technique. The technique enables us to increase FIFO capacity without increasing total supply current, result is...

Transition edge sensor microcalorimeters can be used in many optical quantum measurements because of its low dark counts, high efficiency, and resolving power a photon number weak light pulses. In order to increase count rates up few MHz, we have developed titanium transition for the measurements, performances were analysed. Titanium is one ideal superconductor higher temperature lower reflectance at 1.5 wavelength. Our film was fabricated with electron-beam evaporation, showed residual...

We review progress in the development and applications of superconducting nano-strip particle detectors. Particle detectors based on nano-strips stem from parent devices developed for single photon detection (SSPD) share with them ultra-fast response times (sub-nanosecond) ability to operate at a relatively high temperature (2–5 K) compared other cryogenic SSPDs have been used electrons, neutral charged ions, biological macromolecules; nevertheless, has mainly driven by their use...

Analytical instruments or scientific are indispensable for research and industry. The analytical require a detector that converts physical quantities to be measured (measurands) electric signals. This Tutorial describes the basics of quantum thermal detectors, operation principles superconductor ultimate performance state-of-art with superconductivity. We still face fundamental issues, such as classical Fano factor, relation between energy gap mean carrier creation energy, quasiparticle...

Mass spectrometry (MS) is a method of analyzing ions based on their mass/charge (m/z) ratios. The m/z peak identification requires speculation the ionic unit-charge states. This problem can be solved by using superconducting junction devices to measure kinetic energies single molecules. However, energy measurement followed dead time 1-20 µs, which fatally slow for modern high-resolution time-of-flight (TOF) analyzers. In this paper, we demonstrate that nano-stripline detector (SSLD) composed...

Superconducting tunnel junction (STJ) array detectors with an asymmetric layer structure have been fabricated for the soft X-ray region between 100 eV and 1 keV. The design was effective in solving problem of double peak response to monochromatic X-rays, which is commonly observed STJ detectors. sensitive area patterned by a lift-off technique that ensured no contamination on top Nb electrode surface. performance 100-pixel detector investigated through fluorescent analysis oxides nitrides...

We present the fabrication and characterization of latest generation superconducting strip-line detectors (SSLD) for application in time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS) heavy molecules. The SSLD is realized parallel configuration to achieve a 2 × mm2 sensitive area. mounted TOF MS tested at 4.2 K under bombardment lysozyme detector exhibits output pulses with rise fall times 500 ps 2.3 ns respectively. also measurements time evolution during acquisition singly doubly charged monomers...