Adapting coffee production to climate change is a significant challenge requiring detailed understanding of local climatic patterns and the consequences, both real perceived, for production. To this end, we examined changes in precipitation at Mt. Kilimanjaro over last two decades conducted twelve focus group discussions obtain farmers’ perceptions on change, impact extreme weather events potential shade trees as an adaptation strategy. Despite increase total annual precipitation, farmers...

Abstract Unsustainable wild meat hunting poses a significant threat to wildlife and tropical forest ecosystems. While high levels of extraction linked commercial trade have received attention, the sustainability subsistence by Indigenous Peoples in Africa has been less studied. Understanding how changing lifestyles, particularly sedentarisation former hunter-gatherers, affected use resources is crucial for conservation livelihoods. The spatial management through establishment no-take zones,...

Savannahs are heterogeneous environments with an important role in supporting biodiversity and providing essential ecosystem services. Due to extensive land use/cover changes subsequent degradation, the provision of ecosystems services from savannahs has increasingly declined over recent years. Mapping extent composition savannah is challenging but order improve monitoring capabilities, prevent loss ensure Here, we tested combinations Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 data three different seasons...

In insects, the outcome of intraspecific competition for food during development depends primarily upon larval density and sex, but effects will also depend on particular trait under consideration species study. Experimental manipulations densities a Madeiran population speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria confirmed that affected growth. As increased P. adults were smaller periods longer. Sexes responded differently to rearing density. Females more adversely by high than males, resulting...

Summary The island of Sumba was visited in 1989 and 1992 with the aim collecting data on its avifauna. endemic other restricted-range bird species are very poorly known and, potentially, at great risk from extinction due to habitat change. Using standardized methods, census were collected eight forest areas. Analysis shows that most forest-dependent. exception is Turnix everetti (Sumba Buttonquail), which found open grassland. Discriminant Function used define associations a more precise...

Two species of speckled wood butterfly occur in Medeira. Pararge xiphia is endemic and very similar morphology, behaviour general ecology to P. aegeria which was first recorded on the island 1976. We collected behavioural data males two at sites where indigenous laurel forest meets non‐native agriculture. It these areas that are found together particularly high densities. Male butterflies defend sunlit vegetation attempt exclude other butterflies. If a territorial intruder conspecific or...

Research Highlights: Global coffee production, especially in smallholder farming systems, is vulnerable and must adapt the face of climate change. To this end, shaded agroforestry systems are a promising strategy. Background Objectives: Understanding local contexts prerequisite for designing locally tailored systems; can be achieved by utilizing farmers’ knowledge. Our objective to explore ecosystem services (ESs) provided different shade tree species as perceived farmers possible factors...

High altitude insects are an ecologically specialized group and possess a suite of adaptions which allow persistence in the inhospitable conditions often associated with mountain tops. Changes body coloration reductions or increases size thought to be examples such adaptions. Melanic individuals, individuals containing high levels eumelanin, several traits increase resistance ultraviolet radiation desiccation, while aiding thermoregulation. Trait variation is observed dung beetles dimorphism...

Abstract Species distribution models are widely used in conservation planning, but obtaining the necessary occurrence data can be challenging, particularly for rare species. In these cases, citizen science may provide insight into species distributions. To understand of newly described and Critically Endangered Amazona lilacina, we collated observations reliable eBird records from 2010–2020. We combined with environmental predictors either randomly generated background points or absence...

Size of distributional range, position in the body size and diet are some ecological traits that may correlate with local abundance. Evolutionary phenomena such as taxon cycles, acting over much greater time periods, also influence abundance promote species extinction. This paper assesses which a wide range historic best predict variation tropical forest birds on Sumba Buru islands Wallacea (Indonesia). In addition we seek to determine species' ability adapt secondary or logged forest. The...

Once mated, the optimal strategy for females of monandrous butterfly, Pararge aegeria, is to avoid male contact and devote as much time possible ovipositing, there little advantage engage in multiple matings. In other butterfly species presence males during egg laying has been shown affect aspects oviposition behavior it suggested that repeated interference from potential reduce reproductive output. The aim this study was assess effects on output a population P. aegeria obtained Madeira...

This is the first assessment of Manis javanica behavior in captivity. The aim investigation was to assess order suggest ways improving captive care and management species. undertaken by constructing time-budgets activity patterns identifying any abnormal repetitive (ARB) exhibited. Scan focal animal sampling were implemented observations seven subjects. Analyses detailed idiosyncrasies how subjects partitioned their active time. Peak occurred between 18:00 21:00 hr. Two ARBs, clawing pacing,...

Sleep is an important and time-consuming activity, during which animals may be particularly vulnerable. Selecting a suitable sleeping site therefore essential for individual's fitness. Here we test the importance of antipredator thermoregulatory hypotheses preference nocturnal primate, Northern lesser galago (Galago senegalensis), in Tanzania. During June to August 2015 2016 conducted daily surveys sites record number galagos their location within tree, used focal follows when reached left...

Afromontane forests are biodiversity hotspots and provide essential ecosystem services. However, they under pressure as a result of an expanding human population the impact climate change. In many instances electric fencing has become necessary management strategy to protect forest integrity reduce human-wildlife conflict. The confining hitherto migratory elephant populations within remains unknown, monitoring largely inaccessible areas is challenging. We explore application remote sensing...

Abstract The Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) of Tanzania, is globally significant for biodiversity conservation due to the presence iconic fauna, and, since 1959 has been managed as a unique multiple land‐use areas mutually benefit wildlife and indigenous residents. Understating vegetation dynamics ongoing land cover change processes in protected important protect ensure sustainable development. However, changes savannahs are especially difficult, often long‐term subtle. Here, we...

In insects, the outcome of intraspecific competition for food during development depends primarily upon larval density and sex, but effects will also depend on particular trait under consideration species study. Experimental manipulations densities a Madeiran population speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria confirmed that affected growth. As increased P. adults were smaller periods longer. Sexes responded differently to rearing density. Females more adversely by high than males, resulting...

Despite recognition of its importance, little is known about functional aspects soil macrofauna. Here, we investigated the effect dung beetle body size on macronutrient movement (N, P, K, and C) from elephant into over 112 days in an Afrotropical forest. We report a large overall where more macronutrients are moved time when beetles present compared to control treatment. also amount movement, with larger moving nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, carbon baseline measurements smaller sized...

The island of Buru in Maluku province, Indonesia was visited November and December 1989. Using a point count method, we assessed the conservation status island's restricted-range lowland birds by examining their abundance habitat associations. Thirteen Buru's 19 species were recorded during fieldwork. Of these assign nine (White-eyed Imperial Pigeon Ducula perspicillata , Moluccan Red Lory Eos bornea Bum Racquet-tail Prioniturus mada Black-tipped Monarch Monarcha loricatus White-naped...