A5002136165- Advanced Battery Materials and Technologies
- Zeolite Catalysis and Synthesis
- Thermal Expansion and Ionic Conductivity
- Advancements in Battery Materials
- Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Molten salt chemistry and electrochemical processes
- Advanced battery technologies research
- Ammonia Synthesis and Nitrogen Reduction
- Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
- Solid-state spectroscopy and crystallography
- Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Inorganic Chemistry and Materials
- Fuel Cells and Related Materials
- Microfluidic and Bio-sensing Technologies
- Electrohydrodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
- Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Sandia National Laboratories
2021-2023
University of Washington
2023
University of New Mexico
2019
Despite its promise as a safe, reliable system for grid-scale electrical energy storage, traditional molten sodium (Na) battery deployment remains limited by cost-inflating high-temperature operation. Here, we describe high-performance iodide-gallium chloride (NaI-GaCl3) salt catholyte that enables dramatic reduction in Na operating temperature from near 300°C to 110°C. We demonstrate stable, electrochemical cycling high-voltage (3.65 V) Na-NaI >8 months at Supporting this demonstration,...
The kinetic isotopic effect (KIE) of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied via the investigation both Koutecky−Levich and Tafel methods on atomically dispersed iron-containing, a.k.a. iron−nitrogen−carbon (Fe−N−C) electrocatalyst. This type catalyst has been under intensive development for use as a platinum-group-metal-free cathode in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. KIE value derived from method (the slopes semilogarithmic representation polarization data) is effectively 1,...
Iodide redox reactions in molten NaI/AlCl 3 are shown to generate surface-blocking films, which may limit the useful cycling rates and energy densities of sodium batteries below 150 °C. An experimental investigation electrode interfacial stability at 110 °C reveals source reaction rate limitations. Electrochemical experiments a 3-electrode configuration confirm an increase resistance on surface after oxidation or reduction current is passed. Using chronopotentiometry, chronoamperometry,...
NaI-AlBr 3 is a very appealing low melting temperature (<100 °C), salt system for use as an electrochemically-active electrolyte. This was investigated its electrochemical and physical properties with focus to energy storage considerations. A simple phase diagram generated; at >100 °C, lower NaI concentrations had two partially miscible liquid phases, while higher solid particles. Considering the fully molten regime, electrical conductivities were evaluated over 5–25 mol% 110 °C–140...
The oxidation of iodide in NaI-AlBr 3 , NaI-AlCl and NaI-GaCl molten salts was analyzed using simulation software to extract relevant kinetic parameters. experimental potentials were ordered AlCl < AlBr GaCl with higher correlating softer Lewis acidity the metal halide. An halide speciation model developed simulated fit electrochemical response, enabling determination charge transfer parameters chemical equilibrium constants. displayed fastest electron rates yet showed lowest current...
Electrophoresis of a dielectric fluid droplet with constant surface charge density is investigated theoretically in this study. A pseudo-spectral method based on Chebyshev polynomials adopted to solve the governing electrokinetic equations. It found, among other things, that larger electrolyte strength ambient solution is, slower moves general. This due strong screening effect large amount indifferent counterions neighborhood droplet, no reinforcement potential-determining ions adsorbing...
Low-cost, long-duration energy storage is a vital resource needed for robust electric grid powered by renewables. Low-temperature (<130 °C) molten sodium batteries (MNaBs) with NaI-metal halide salt catholytes have been developed to meet this need. This battery chemistry avoids the safety concerns caused metal dendrites and flammable organic solvents found in Li-metal or Li-ion batteries. It also offers higher voltages drastically reduces expensive high temperature material requirements...
and full cell testing show that the catholyte salt can support practical current densities in a low-temperature system. Collectively, these studies describe critical properties may lead to realization of new class molten Na batteries.
− redox species were found to decrease with both increasing NaI concentration and applied potential. Regardless, oxidation current density at 3.6 V vs Na/Na + was observed increase over 5–25 mol%. Finally, the critical interface between molten salt electrolyte electrode materials significantly affect reaction kinetics. When carbon used instead of tungsten, an adsorbed species, most likely I 2 , blocked surface sites decreased densities high potentials. This study shows NaI-AlBr 3 system...
− redox species were found to decrease with both increasing NaI concentration and applied potential. Regardless, oxidation current density at 3.6 V vs Na/Na + was observed increase over 5–25 mol%. Finally, the critical interface between molten salt electrolyte electrode materials significantly affect reaction kinetics. When carbon used instead of tungsten, an adsorbed species, most likely I 2 , blocked surface sites decreased densities high potentials. This study shows NaI-AlBr 3 system...
and full cell testing show that the catholyte salt can support practical current densities in a low-temperature system. Collectively, these studies describe critical properties may lead to realization of new class molten Na batteries.