A molecular systematic study of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato using DNA sequences three plastid genes (rbcL, ndhF, and rps2) revealed at least five distinct monophyletic groups. Thirty-nine genera representing 24 tribes the s.l. (sensu lato) were analyzed along with representatives 15 other families Lamiales. The s.s. stricto) include part or all Aptosimeae, Hemimerideae, Leucophylleae, Manuleae, Selagineae, Verbasceae (= Scrophularieae) conventional Buddlejaceae Myoporaceae. Veronicaceae...

Inferences regarding hybridization rely on genetic markers to differentiate parental taxa from one another. Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) are based single‐primer PCR reactions where the primer is derived di‐ and trinucleotide repeats. These have successfully been used assay variability among cultivated plants, but not yet tested in natural populations. We generated eight ISSR primers examine patterns of purported examples hybrid speciation Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) a complex...

The analysis of hybridization and gene flow among closely related taxa is a common goal for researchers studying speciation phylogeography. Many methods detection use simple site pattern frequencies from observed genomic data compare them to null models that predict an absence flow. theory underlying the using these probabilities exploits relationship between coalescent process trees within population mutation along branches trees. For certain models, patterns are predicted occur in equal...

Four populations of the rare, highly clonal grass Calamagrostis porteri ssp. insperata were examined using allozymes and two polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based markers, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) bands. Only one 15 allozyme loci was variable alleles detected, both which found in populations, while only genotype detected other populations. ISSR RAPD markers more genotypes within than did allozymes. diversity three four examined. In...

Plant phylogenetic estimates are most likely to be reliable when congruent evidence is obtained independently from the mitochondrial, plastid, and nuclear genomes with all methods of analysis. Here, results presented separate combined genomic analyses new previously published data, including six nine genes (8, 911 bp 12,010 bp, respectively) for different subsets taxa that suggest Amborella + Nymphaeales (water lilies) first-branching angiosperm lineage. Before after tree-independent noise...

Orobanchaceae are a family of angiosperms that range from fully autotrophic and free-living to completely heterotrophic dependent on their hosts (holoparasites). Most the ca. 2060 species hemiparasites photosynthesize throughout all or part life cycles. Certain members ecologically important due direct impacts community biomass diversity, plant-herbivore interactions, nutrient cycling. Other among most economically damaging weeds in world. Multiple trophic transitions within this make it...

In the past few decades, many investigations in field of plant biology have employed selectively neutral, multilocus, dominant markers such as inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR), random‐amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to address hypotheses at lower taxonomic levels. More recently, sequence‐related (SRAP) been developed, which are used amplify coding regions with primers targeting open reading frames. These proven be robust highly variable,...

Abstract Transcription factors containing the Myb-homologous DNA-binding domain are widely found in eukaryotes. In plants, R2R3 Myb-domain proteins involved control of form and metabolism. The Arabidopsis genome harbors >100 Myb genes, but few have been monocots, animals, fungi. Using RT-PCR from different maize organs, we cloned 480 fragments corresponding to a 42–44 residue-long sequence spanning region between conserved DNA-recognition helices (MybBRH) domains. We determined that...

Hybrid speciation has played a significant role in the evolution of angiosperms at polyploid level. However, relatively little is known about importance hybrid diploid Two species Penstemon have been proposed as derivatives based on morphological data, artificial crossing studies, and pollinator behavior observations: spectabilis (derived from hybridization between centranthifolius grinnellii ) clevelandii P. ). Previous studies were inconclusive regarding purported nature these because lack...

The plastid genomes of some nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants have experienced an extreme reduction in gene content and increase evolutionary rate remaining genes. Nothing is known the dynamics these events or whether either a direct outcome loss photosynthesis. Scrophulariaceae Orobanchaceae, representing continuum heterotrophic ability ranging from photosynthetic hemiparasites to holoparasites, are used investigate issues. We present phylogenetic hypothesis for Orobanchaceae based on...

The chloroplast genome has provided sequence data for inferring plant phylogenies more than a decade. General operational assumptions regarding gene sequences are that they single-copy, under strong functional constraint, and uniparentally inherited. However, studies have demonstrated the transfer of large segments into nuclear or mitochondrial genomes. Additionally, heteroplasmy haplotype polymorphism plastid genomes within among individuals been documented. Random sampling nucleotide from...

• In the clade of Penstemon and segregate genera, pollination syndromes are well defined among 284 species. Most display combinations floral characters associated with by Hymenoptera, ancestral mode for this clade. Forty-one species present hummingbird pollination, although some these ornithophiles also visited insects. The scattered throughout traditional taxonomy across phylogenies estimated from nuclear (internal transcribed spacer (ITS)) chloroplast DNA (trnCD/TL) sequence data. Here,...

Male‐male competition in plants is thought to exert selection on flower morphology and the temporal presentation of pollen. Theory suggests that a plant's pollen dosing strategy should evolve match abundance transfer efficiency its pollinators. Simultaneous be favored when pollinators are infrequent or efficient at delivering they remove, whereas gradual optimize delivery by frequent wasteful Among Penstemon Keckiella species, anthers vary ways affect release, dried reliably indicates how...

Abstract Motivation Genotyping and parameter estimation using high throughput sequencing data are everyday tasks for population geneticists, but methods developed diploids typically not applicable to polyploid taxa. This is due their duplicated chromosomes, as well the complex patterns of allelic exchange that often accompany whole genome duplication (WGD) events. For WGDs within a single lineage (autopolyploids), inbreeding can result from mixed mating and/or double reduction. involve...

The photosynthetic gene rbcL has been lost or dramatically altered in some lineages of nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants, but the dynamics these events following loss photosynthesis and whether sustained functionally significant changes plants are unknown. To assess to associated with functional constraints for photosynthesis, nucleotide sequences from nonparasitic Scrophulariales were used phylogeny reconstruction character analysis. Plants this group display a broad range abilities,...

Sequences of chloroplast gene matK and internal transcribed spacers nuclear ribosomal RNA genes were used for phylogenetic analyses Aesculus, a genus currently distributed in eastern Asia, western North America, southeastern Europe. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these molecular data are highly correlated with the geographic distributions species. The identified lineages closely correspond to five sections previously recognized on basis morphology. Ancestral character-state...

The large and diverse genus Penstemon (ca. 271 species) is endemic to North America has been divided into six subgenera primarily based on anther dehiscence patterns. Species of are known be pollinated by a variety insects (hymenopterans, lepidopterans, dipterans) hummingbirds. Nucleotide sequence data from ITS two noncoding regions chloroplast DNA were used reconstruct the phylogeny . Trees generated nuclear sequences incongruent, which probably result hybridization, not fully resolved,...

Abstract The systematic relationships of four species in the South African holoparasitic genus Hyobanche were examined using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) banding patterns and nucleotide data from nuclear ribosomal ITS regions plastid gene rbcL. Ordination ISSR revealed discrete groups, although H. glabrata rubra indistinguishable. Phylogeny reconstructions based on congruent depicted where atropurpurea sanguinea form a clade with as their sister group. In contrast, rbcL tree topology...

The new species Hyobanche thinophila is described and illustrated. It distinguished from H. sanguinea by the absence of glandular hairs on interior surface corolla, differences in shape color corolla inflorescence. glabrous except for a zone long multicellular at level stamen insertion. lacks this character. occurs dune areas along coast Western Cape, South Africa.

Restriction-site variation of chloroplast DNA was used to assess hypotheses diploid hybrid speciation in Penstemon sect. Peltanthera where P. spectabilis is a putative stabilized centranthifolius and grinnellii, clevelandii purported derivative spectabilis. Based on restriction-site mapping, cpDNA haplotypes were determined for hy- pothesized parental species clevelandii. The distribution nuclear organellar markers among populations evaluated determine whether the observed patterns result...