Frequency-dependent natural selection has been cited as a mechanism for maintaining polymorphisms in biological populations, although the process not documented conclusively field study. Here, it is demonstrated that direction of mouth-opening (either left-handed or right-handed) scale-eating cichlid fish Lake Tanganyika determined on basis simple genetics and abundance individuals with left- right-handedness depends frequency-dependent selection. Attacking from behind, right-handed snatched...

All members of Sophiodela Nakane 1955, hitherto a subgenus Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758, are reviewed based on the structure everted internal sac male genitalia. In addition, many species other genera and subgenera such as Cosmodela Rivalier, 1961, Calochroa Hope, 1838, its Pancallia also regarding their reproductive structures. Their relationships discussed using comparison between morphological molecular analyses. Through this study, taxonomic rank is raised from to genus it demonstrated be...

We investigate the effect of changing population size one predator species on fitness another when both share a common prey species. The is assumed to have different anti-predator behaviors for each predator. Anti-predator behavior can result in or predators having positive effects other. Positive short-term (on behavioral time scale) be produced by three mechanisms: (1) A that defends against may make more vulnerable other; (2) Increased defensive increase cost defense other, resulting...

External asymmetry found in diverse animals bears critical functions to fulfil ecological requirements. Some snail-eating arthropods exhibit directional their feeding apparatus for foraging efficiency because dextral (clockwise) species are overwhelmingly predominant snails. Here, we show convergence of the dentition vertebrates. We that snakes subfamily Pareatinae, except non-snail-eating specialists, have more teeth on right mandible than left. In experiments, a specialist Pareas iwasakii...

How speciation genes can spread in a population is poorly understood. In land snails, single gene for left-right reversal could be responsible instant speciation, because dextral and sinistral snails have difficulty mating. However, the traditional two-locus model predicts that mating disadvantage should counteract this speciation. study, we show specialized snake predation of majority drives prey by reversal. Our experiments demonstrate Satsuma (Stylommatophora: Camaenidae) survive Pareas...

Prothyma (Genoprothyma) thandamoeae Wiesner, Phyu and Hori, new species, sotai asamii species (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) are described from Myanmar. A key to all members of the genus known occur in Myanmar is given.

The rocky littoral areas of Lake Tanganyika harbor diverse fish communities, mainly composed cichlids. Their stability, structure, and organizing mechanism were examined at three locations by census, behavioral observations, dietary analyses. These communities stable, characterized their persistence during a 10‐year period resilience after perturbation. Partitioning spawning sites among substrate spawners was evident, which might be factor in ability to coexist. consistently 12 food‐habit...

Behavioral lateralization has been documented in many vertebrates. The scale-eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis is well known for exhibiting lateral dimorphism its mouth morphology and lateralized behavior robbing scales from prey fish. A previous field study indicated that this asymmetry closely correlates with the side on which attacked, but details of species' predation have not previously analyzed because rapidity movements. Here, we studied cichlids a tank through high-speed...

Cichlid fishes in Lake Tanganyika exhibit remarkable diversity their feeding habits. Among them, seven species the genus Perissodus are known for unique habit of scale eating with specialized morphology and behaviour. Although origin scale-eating has long been questioned, its evolutionary process is still unknown. In present study, we conducted interspecific phylogenetic analyses all nine tribe Perissodini (seven two Haplotaxodon species) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)...

Antisymmetry in the direction of mouth opening, to either right ("lefty") or left ("righty"), was documented scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis. This study revealed presence lefty and righty morphs herbivorous Neolamprologus moorii, although degree deviation not large. Both species are biparental brooders guard their young. We examined inheritance pattern dimorphism (laterality) using parents broods P. microlepis N. moorii collected wild. In microlepis, lefty-lefty pairs had a 2:1...

Takeuchi Y, Ochi H, Kohda M, Sinyinza D, Hori M. A 20‐year census of a rocky littoral fish community in Lake Tanganyika. Ecology Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 239–248. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – Tropical communities are highly diverse with large numbers allied species coexisting. Concerns have been raised about changes such caused by anthropogenic disturbances, but little is known long‐term changes. We investigated the 10 × 40‐m quadrat was placed on shore southern part lake,...

A scale-eating cichlid, Perissodus microlepis, in Lake Tanganyika exhibits genetically determined right- or left-handedness of mouth opening. Since a minor type two morphs has the advantage attracting prey's attention less, evolutionarily stable strategy frequency each morph is 0.5. However, data on laterality scale eaters show oscillation around This article develops genetic model frequency-dependent oscillation, which describes conditions for emergence as well its period and amplitude....

Morphological dimorphism in the mouth-opening direction (‘lefty’ versus ‘righty’) has been documented several fish species. It suggested that this deflection is heritable a Mendelian one-locus, two-allele fashion. Several population models have demonstrated lateral maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection, resulting from interactions between predator and prey However, other mechanisms for maintenance of not yet tested. Here, we found scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis...

Although many land snails exhibit amazingly divergent shell shapes in the tropics, functions of these remain obscure. Here we show that a modified aperture shape acts as an impediment specifically to predation by snail-eating snake. Pareas iwasakii (Colubridae: Pareatinae) uses unique method feed on snails: snake extracts soft body from through alternately retracting its mandibles. The snail Satsuma caliginosa (Camaenidae: Camaeninae) has apertural variation regard presence snakes. Our...

Reverse evolution is a widespread phenomenon in biology, but the genetic mechanism for reversal of change adaptation to ancestral state not known. Here, we report first case complete reverse two amino acids, serine and alanine, at single position RH1 opsin pigment water depth. We determined sequences cichlid fishes from four tribes Lake Tanganyika with different habitat depths. Most species were divided into types: 292A shallow or 292S deep water. Both types adapted their ambient light...

Landmark‐based geometric morphometric techniques were used to test the hypothesis that Petrochromis spp. from Lake Tanganyika are ecomorphologically equivalent Petrotilapia Malawi. Both genera epilithic algal feeders and inhabit rocky shores of their respective lakes. We investigated morphological component ecomorphology by investigating body shape, using landmark‐based techniques. A MANOVA revealed significant differences among species an ordination all along first two CV axes showed clear...

Two morphological types ("righty" and "lefty") have been discovered in several fish species are referred to as a typical example of antisymmetry. It has suggested, first, that this dimorphism (called laterality) is inheritable; second, the frequencies laterality each fluctuate around 0.5; third, predators mainly exploit prey opposite laterality; is, lefty righty on righties lefties, respectively. The latter defined "cross predation"; antonym "parallel predation" means predation within same...

Divergent natural selection is thought to play a vital role in speciation, but clear, measurable examples from nature are still few. Among the many possible sources of divergent selection, predation pressure may be important because predators ubiquitous food webs. Here, we show evidence for Lake Tanganyika cichlid, Telmatochromis temporalis, which uses burrows under stones or empty snail shells as shelters. This species contains normal and dwarf morphs at several localities. The morph...