Salicylic acid (SA) is a stress-induced hormone involved in the activation of defense genes. Here we analyzed early genetic responses to SA wild type and npr1-1 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings, using Complete Transcriptome MicroArray (CATMAv2) chip. We identified 217 genes rapidly induced by (early SAIGs); 193 NPR1-dependent 24 NPR1-independent pathway. These two groups also differed their functional classification, expression profiles over-representation cis-elements, supporting differential...

Abstract l-Proline (Pro) catabolism is activated in plants recovering from abiotic stresses associated with water deprivation. In this catabolic pathway, Pro converted to glutamate by two reactions catalyzed proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) and Ɗ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5CDH), (P5C) as the intermediate. Alternatively, under certain conditions, P5C derived back reductase, thus stimulating Pro-P5C cycle, which may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) a consequence of ProDH activity. We...

Plant tissues display major alterations upon the perception of microbial pathogens. Changes cytoplasmic and apo-plastic components that sense transduce plant defenses have been extensively characterized. In contrast, less information is available about modifications affecting nuclear genome under these circumstances. Here, we investigated whether Arabidopsis thaliana DNA methylation status altered in responding to attack Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. We applied amplified fragment...

Priming is a major mechanism behind the immunological 'memory' observed during two key plant systemic defences: acquired resistance (SAR) and induced (ISR). Lipid-derived azelaic acid (AZA) mobile priming signal. Here, we show that lipid transfer protein (LTP)-like AZI1 its closest paralog EARLI1 are necessary for SAR, ISR movement uptake of AZA in Arabidopsis. Imaging fractionation studies indicate localize to expected places exchange/movement occur. These ER/plasmodesmata, chloroplast...

A central mechanism of virulence extracellular bacterial pathogens is the injection into host cells effector proteins that modify cellular functions. HopW1 an injected by type III secretion system increases growth plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae on Columbia accession Arabidopsis. When delivered P. cells, causes a reduction in filamentous actin (F-actin) network and inhibition endocytosis, known actin-dependent process. directly produced plants, forms complexes with actin, disrupts...

Proline (Pro) dehydrogenase (ProDH) potentiates the oxidative burst and cell death of plant Hypersensitive Response (HR) by mechanisms not yet elucidated. ProDH converts Pro into ∆1 pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) can act together with P5C (P5CDH) to produce Glu, or reductase (P5CR) regenerate thus stimulate Pro/P5C cycle. To better understand effects in HR, we studied enzyme at three stages defense response differing their ROS levels. In addition, tested if requires P5CDH potentiate HR....

Robust immunity requires basal defense machinery to mediate timely responses and feedback cycles amplify defenses against potentially spreading infections. AGD2-LIKE DEFENSE RESPONSE PROTEIN 1 (ALD1) is needed for the accumulation of plant signal salicylic acid (SA) during first hours after infection with pathogen Pseudomonas syringae also upregulated by SA. ALD1 an aminotransferase multiple substrates products in vitro. Pipecolic (Pip) ALD1-dependent bioactive product induced P. syringae....

Precise localization and trafficking of plant immune receptors are critical for their function. We identify the TNL-class nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) BURNOUT1 (BNT1) from Arabidopsis thaliana as localized to plastids, key organelles immunity. Alternative transcription start site usage generates two isoforms BNT1: BNT1.2, which is targeted plastid envelope via an N-terminal signal-anchored mechanism, BNT1.1, resides in cytoplasm. Moreover, BNT1.2 predominantly...

Local interactions between individual plant organs and diverse microorganisms can lead to whole immunity via the mobilization of defense signals. One such signal is plastid lipid-derived oxylipin azelaic acid (AZA). Arabidopsis lacking AZI1 or EARLI1, related lipid transfer family proteins, exhibit reduced AZA transport among leaves cannot mount systemic immunity. has been detected in roots as well leaves. Therefore, present study addresses effects on plants application roots. but not...

SUMMARY DNA glycosylases are critical enzymes that recognize small base lesions in and trigger their repair to preserve genome integrity. The Arabidopsis MBD4‐like (MBD4L) glycosylase improves tolerance genotoxic stress. This enzyme is encoded by a single gene carrying an exonic intron (exitron) at its 5′ region. Although alternative splicing (AS) of exitrons (protein‐coding cryptic introns within exons) suspected increase protein diversity, phenotypes associated exitron removal or retention...

Chromosome number and position of rDNA were studied in 12 wild cultivated species the genus Capsicum with chromosome numbers x = 13 (22 samples). For first time these species, 5S 45S rRNA loci localized physically mapped using two-color fluorescence situ hybridization AgNOR banding. We focused on comparison results obtained both methods aim accurately revealing real functional genes. The analyzes based a previous work that reported 18S–5.8S–25S mostly coincide GC-rich heterochromatic regions...

Proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) catalyzes the flavin-dependent oxidation of Pro into Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C). This is first two enzymatic reactions that convert proline (Pro) glutamic acid (Glu). The P5C thus produced non-enzymatically transformed glutamate semialdehyde (GSA), which acts as a substrate (P5CDH) to generate Glu. Activation ProDH can different effects depending on behaviour other enzymes this metabolism. Under conditions it toxic levels P5C, alter cellular redox...

Abstract Plant plastids generate signals, including some derived from lipids, that need to be mobilized effect signaling. We used informatics discover potential plastid membrane proteins involved in microbial responses Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Among these are co-regulated with the systemic immunity component AZELAIC ACID INDUCED 1, a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP), and HyPRP superfamily members. HyPRPs have transmembrane domain, region (PRR), lipid transfer domain. The...

DNA glycosylases initiate the base excision repair (BER) pathway by catalyzing removal of damaged or mismatched bases from DNA. The Arabidopsis glycosylase methyl-CpG-binding domain protein 4 like (MBD4L) is a nuclear enzyme triggering BER in response to genotoxic agents 5-fluorouracil and 5-bromouracil. To date, involvement MBD4L plant physiological processes has not been analyzed. address this, we studied functions seeds. We found that imbibition induced gene expression generating two...

Arabidopsis contains two proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) genes, ProDH1 and ProDH2, encoding for homologous functional isoenzymes. Although has been studied extensively, especially under abiotic stress, ProDH2 only started to be analysed in recent years. These genes display distinctive expression patterns show weak transcriptional co-regulation, but are both activated pathogen-infected tissues. We have demonstrated previously that plants with silenced ProDH1/2 fail trigger defences against the...

Abstract The Arabidopsis plastid-localized ALD1 protein acts in the lysine catabolic pathway that produces infection-induced pipecolic acid (Pip), Pip derivatives, and basal non-Pip metabolite(s). is indispensable for disease resistance associated with Pseudomonas syringae infections of naïve plants as well those previously immunized by a local infection, phenomenon called systemic acquired (SAR). known to associate mesophyll epidermal cells. To probe importance cells conferring bacterial...

The proper subcellular localization of defense factors is an important part the plant immune system. A key component for systemic resistance, lipid transfer protein (LTP)-like AZI1, needed movement priming signal azelaic acid (AZA) and a pool AZI1 exists at site AZA production, plastid envelope. Moreover, after defense-triggering infections, proportion localized to plastids increases. However, does not possess classical transit peptide that can explain its localization. Instead, uses...

The plant immune system is essential for plants to perceive and defend against bacterial, fungal insect pests pathogens. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) a response that occurs upon root colonization by beneficial microbes. A well-studied model ISR the association of specific strains Pseudomonas spp. with reference Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we describe robust, increased throughput, bioassay study bacterial pathogen cannabina pv. alisalensis (formerly called syringae maculicola) strain...

SUMMARY Plant suspension cell cultures display many features of the innate immune responses observed in planta and have been extensively applied to study basal race‐specific defences. However, no single model including photosynthetic cultured cells has used for exhaustive characterization both defences date. In this article, we report activation green from Arabidopsis thaliana . Inoculation with isogenic virulent or avirulent strains Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) was evaluate...

In plants, the establishment of broad and long-lasting immunity is based on programs that control systemic resistance immunological memory or “priming”. Despite not showing activated defenses, a primed plant induces more efficient response to recurrent infections. Priming might involve chromatin modifications allow faster/stronger activation defense genes. The Arabidopsis regulator “ Morpheus Molecule 1 ” (MOM1) has been recently suggested as priming factor affecting expression immune...

Immunity in plants arises from defense regulatory circuits that can be conceptualized as modules. Both the types (and isolates) of pathogen and repertoire plant receptors may cause different modules to activated affect magnitude activation. Two major enzymes Arabidopsis are ALD1 ICS1/SID2. is an aminotransferase needed for producing metabolites pipecolic acid, hydroxy-pipecolic possibly other signals. ICS1/SID2 produces isochorismate, intermediate synthesis salicylic acid (SA)...

Understanding the generation, movement, uptake, and perception of mobile defense signals is key for unraveling systemic resistance programs in flowering plants against pathogens. Here, we present a protocol analyzing movement uptake isotopically labeled signaling molecule azelaic acid (AZA) Arabidopsis thaliana. We describe steps to assess 14C-AZA into leaf discs its from local tissues. also detail assay 2H-AZA roots shoot. For complete details on use execution this protocol, please refer...

Abstract Plant plastids generate signals, including some derived from lipids, that need to be mobilized effect signaling. We used informatics discover potential plastid membrane proteins involved in microbial responses. Among these are co-regulated with the systemic immunity component AZI1, a hybrid proline-rich protein (HyPRP) and HyPRP superfamily members. HyPRPs have transmembrane domain, region (PRR) lipid transfer domain. The precise subcellular location(s) function(s) is unknown for...