Abstract The widely applied “dollar-a-day” methodology identifies global absolute poverty as declining precipitously since the early 80’s throughout developing world. methodological underpinnings of approach have been questioned in terms adequately representing equivalent welfare conditions different countries and years. These key issues measuring are addressed here using concept bare bones consumption basket (BBB). This pinpoints levels welfare, both internationally intertemporally. results...

The dollar-a-day method, applied in monitoring the UN's development goals against poverty, provides no confidence interval for official figures of global poverty reduction, a practice that does not allow statistical testing. Using Monte Carlo micro-simulations we construct intervals reflect error introduced by process determining International Poverty Line, as well uncertainty involved Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates. These estimates identify reduction 5.19% between 1990 and 2015 at...

It is widely believed that China's socialist economy had relatively high rates of extreme poverty while the capitalist reforms 1980s and 1990s delivered rapid progress. This narrative relies on World Bank estimates share people living less than $1.90 a day (2011 PPP), which show sharp decline from 88 per cent in 1981 to zero by 2018. However, Bank's line has been critiqued for ignoring variations actual cost meeting basic needs. In this paper we review data published OECD unable afford...

The analysis of the P600 component Event-related Potentials (ERPs) has attracted attention due to its relation covert cognitive mechanisms, in connection memory processes. may often be low-amplitude, compared other components such as P300. Independent (ICA) techniques have been successfully applied ERP processing, framework blind source separation (BSS) for unmixing recorded potentials into a sum temporally independent and spatially fixed components. In present work ICA was used...

We analyze the evolution of aggregate household wealth, its composition, and top wealth shares since mid-19th century for Netherlands, a country which played significant role in economic history. The main forces at play are size variation colonial up until WWII, introduction –particularly strong – pension system thereafter. show that wealth-income ratio followed familiar U-shaped pattern over 20th century. however, had largest on record, growing mid-1850s, driven by industrialization booming...

Abstract We investigate the current method of derivation international poverty line used for monitoring SDG 1 in two key directions: (a) we ask whether official by World Bank is fit purpose measuring extreme and if their defensibly valid both internally externally; (b) resulting statistics perform acceptably well terms accuracy precision. Using comparative analysis, error accounting methods, minimization criteria, on indicators, our investigation gathers compelling evidence that leans...

Abstract We provide a comprehensive review of the literature on drivers long‐run development and inequality, new datasets for their study. Three distinct elements emerge in 10 articles this special issue that broadly characterize field. First, should be understood from multidimensional perspective when considering patterns wide array indicators must used, ranging material living standards to health, education, gender. Second, construction widely used metrics has critically reviewed arrive at...

Abstract This paper shows that cross-country comparisons of elite incomes vary widely and systematically depending on the conception real income used. It is well known between-country inequality higher using market exchange rates than PPP rates, due to a combination traded sector bias Balassa-Samuelson effect, we empirically confirm this case for comparing top 1 percent across countries. In contrast, argue measuring elites entitlements over labour (ELs), which take local wage costs as...

We show that the Dollar-A-Day methodology in global poverty measurement provides inconsistent International Poverty Line (iPL) solutions when a complete set of consistency criteria iPL definition is used. This article illustrates minor fluctuations purchasing power parity exchange rates can yield iPLs. find rate inconsistency 46.1% and we conclude this worrisome attribute method.

Abstract In October 2015 the World Bank initiated Atkinson Commission on Global Poverty seeking advise (1) keeping international poverty line (iPL) constant in real terms, and (2) what else should make available to complement dollar-a-day estimates. The Commission’s Report bears a set of 21 key recommendations, largely covering most important voiced worries research community over Bank’s methods response adopted fully unconditionally only one–out ten–recommendations regarding point one...

Abstract What use has a poverty line when we do not know what it actually allows for? I exploit this weaknesses of the dollar-a-day methodology to motivate relatively more consistent alternative in global measurement. Poverty lines targeting well-defined welfare levels are constructed as consumption baskets, following recommendation 15 World Bank Commission on Global which promotes cost basic needs approach Those baskets priced locally and separately for each year, account nutrition,...