Previously we reported that new neurons are added to the hippocampus and neocortex of adult macaque monkeys. Here compare production survival adult-generated glia in dentate gyrus, prefrontal cortex, inferior temporal cortex. Twelve macaques were injected with thymidine analogue BrdUrd, phenotypes labeled cells examined after 2 h, 24 wk, 5 9 12 wk by using following immunocytochemical markers: for immature mature neurons, class III β-tubulin (TuJ1); neuronal nuclei; astrocytes, glial...

The brains of large mammals have lower rates metabolism than those small mammals, but the functional consequences this scaling are not well understood. An attractive target for analysis is axons, whose size, speed and energy consumption straightforwardly related. Here we show that from shrews to whales, composition white matter shifts compact, slow-conducting, energetically expensive unmyelinated axons large, fast-conducting, inexpensive myelinated axons. fastest conduction times 1–5 ms...

The source of syntactic island effects has been a topic considerable debate within linguistics and psycholinguistics. Explanations fall into three basic categories: grammatical theories, which posit specific constraints that exclude extraction from islands; grounded grammaticized have arisen to adapt on learning or parsing; reductionist analyze as emergent consequences non-grammatical the sentence parser, such limited processing resources. In this article we present two studies designed test...

Wh -dependencies are known to be formed rapidly in real-time comprehension. The parser posits the location of gap sites advance bottom-up evidence for missing constituents, and must therefore have a means deciding when where project dependencies. Previous studies observed that avoids building ungrammatical wh -dependencies, example, by restricting search from island domains. This paper tests stronger claim constraints not merely respected, but grammatical knowledge actively prompts...

Filler–gap dependencies make strong demands on working memory in language comprehension because they cannot always be immediately resolved. In a series of three reading-time studies, we test the idea that these can decomposed into active maintenance processes and retrieval events. Results indicate fact displaced phrase exists identity its basic syntactic category both impact at potential gap sites. contrast, specific lexical details show an immediate effect only for short much later longer...

In the verb-initial language Chamorro, an Austronesian of Mariana Islands, wh -dependencies exhibit a special verbal inflection known as wh-agreement : verbs along path -dependency are inflected for grammatical relation gap and intermediate landing sites filler. Two on-line comprehension experiments conducted in Northern Islands reveal that morphological paradigm -agreement affects timing dependency formation interpretation this language. Overt facilitates -dependency. When overt could occur...

The present study examined the processing of Mandarin Chinese long-distance reflexive ziji to evaluate role that syntactic structure plays in memory retrieval operations support sentence comprehension. Using multiple-response speed-accuracy tradeoff (MR-SAT) paradigm, we measured speed with which comprehenders retrieve an antecedent for ziji. Our experimental materials contrasted sentences where ziji's was local clause a distant clause. Time course results from MR-SAT suggest dependencies...

Working-memory capacity and island effects:A reminder of the issues facts Jon Sprouse, Matt Wagers, Colin Phillips 1. Understanding Terms Debate. In their response to our article (Sprouse et al. 2012), Hofmeister, Staum Casasanto, Sag (2012, henceforth HSS) level three primary criticisms at studies: (i) that working-memory (WM) correlations are not predicted by reductionist theories, (ii) WM tasks we chose inappropriate for showing correlation, (iii) results do, in fact, show correlation. We...

Speakers occasionally produce verbs that agree with an element is not the subject, a so-called 'attractor'; likewise, comprehenders fail to notice agreement errors when verb agrees attractor. Cross-linguistic studies converge in showing attraction modulated by hierarchical position of attractor sentence structure. We report two experiments exploring link between structural and memory representations attraction. The method used innovative respects: we jabberwocky materials control for...

English resumptive pronouns, as in "...the flowers that I don't know where IT came from," are enigmatic they judged to be unacceptable, which would indicate ungrammatical, but regularly produced by native speakers, is typically taken grammaticality. We report results from two studies: an acceptability judgment study on sentences with pronouns or gaps ("...the _came from"), and a written production elicited required participants produce either gap pronoun various island non-island domains....

Ā-dependencies occur when an argument appears clause-peripherally, dislocated from its canonical base position, as in relative clauses (1a). The displaced is a filler (italicized (1) and throughout), the position typically realized gap—that is, syntactic category that not pronounced (represented by underscore throughout). A subset of languages employ filler-gap strategy, including Arabic (Aoun Choueiri 1996), Irish (McCloskey 2006), Swedish (Engdahl 1986), Vata (Koopman Sportiche also use...

In some contexts, plural nominals have inclusive interpretation, allowing atoms in their reference domain; others, they are exclusive, only sums. Selecting between the two interpretations has been shown to be sensitive both world-knowledge pressures (Farkas & de Swart 2010) and contextual relevance (Grimm 2010). The principal semantic factor claimed involved is monotonicity direction (Sauerland, Anderssen Yatsushiro 2005; Spector 2007; Zweig 2009; Farkas 2010): upward monotone...

In the first two decades following Ross’s Constraints on Variables in Syntax, a picture emerged which Mainland Scandinavian (MS) languages appeared to systematically evade some of locality constraints proposed by Ross, including relative clause (RC) part complex NP constraint. The MS extraction patterns remain topic debate, but there is no consensus as why from RCs should be so degraded English (compared MS)—or it acceptable English). We present experiment results indicate that counted among...