We present word frequencies based on subtitles of British television programmes. show that the SUBTLEX-UK explain more variance in lexical decision times Lexicon Project than National Corpus and SUBTLEX-US frequencies. In addition to form frequencies, we also measures contextual diversity part-of-speech specific children programmes, bigram giving researchers English access full range norms recently made available for other languages. Finally, introduce a new measure frequency, Zipf scale,...

In psychology, attempts to replicate published findings are less successful than expected. For properly powered studies replication rate should be around 80%, whereas in practice 40% of the selected from different areas psychology can replicated. Researchers cognitive hindered estimating power their studies, because designs they use present a sample stimulus materials participants, situation not covered by most formulas. To remedy situation, we review literature related topic and introduce...

Given that an effect size of d = .4 is a good first estimate the smallest interest in psychological research, we already need over 50 participants for simple comparison two within-participants conditions if want to run study with 80% power. This more than current practice. In addition, as soon between-groups variable or interaction involved, numbers 100, 200, and even are needed. As long do not accept these facts, will keep on running underpowered studies unclear results. Addressing issue...

Background Word frequency is the most important variable in language research. However, despite growing interest Chinese language, there are only a few sources of word measures available to researchers, and quality less than what researchers other languages used to. Methodology Following recent work by New, Brysbaert, colleagues English, French Dutch, we assembled database character frequencies based on corpus film television subtitles (46.8 million characters, 33.5 words). In line with has...

Experiments in cognitive psychology usually return two dependent variables: the percentage of errors and reaction time correct responses. Townsend Ashby (1978, 1983) proposed inverse efficiency score (IES) as a way to combine both measures and, hence, provide better summary findings. In this article we examine usefulness IES by applying it existing datasets. Although does give findings some cases, mostly variance measure is increased such an extent that becomes less interesting. Against our...

Based on an analysis of the literature and a large scale crowdsourcing experiment, we estimate that average 20-year-old native speaker American English knows 42,000 lemmas 4,200 non-transparent multiword expressions, derived from 11,100 word families. The numbers range 27,000 for lowest 5% to 52,000 highest 5%. Between ages 20 60, person learns 6,000 extra or about one new lemma every 2 days. knowledge words can be as shallow knowing exists. In addition, people learn tens thousands inflected...

Emotion influences most aspects of cognition and behavior, but emotional factors are conspicuously absent from current models word recognition. The influence emotion on recognition has mostly been reported in prior studies the automatic vigilance for negative stimuli, precise nature this relationship is unclear. Various have claimed that effect valence response times categorical, an inverted U, or interactive with arousal. In present study, we used a sample 12,658 words included many lexical...

The Revised Hierarchical Model (RHM) of bilingual language processing dominates current thinking on processing. Recently, basic tenets the model have been called into question. First, there is little evidence for separate lexicons. Second, selective access. Third, inclusion excitatory connections between translation equivalents at lexical level likely to impede word recognition. Fourth, L2 words and their meanings are stronger than proposed in RHM. And finally, good make a distinction...

We present a new database of lexical decision times for English words and nonwords, which two groups British participants each responded to 14,365 monosyllabic disyllabic the same number nonwords total duration 16 h (divided over multiple sessions). This database, called Lexicon Project (BLP), fills an important gap between Dutch (DLP; Keuleers, Diependaele, & Brysbaert, Frontiers in Language Sciences. Psychology, 1, 174, 2010) (ELP; Balota et al., 2007), because it applies repeated measures...

Word associations have been used widely in psychology, but the validity of their application strongly depends on number cues included study and extent to which they probe all known by an individual. In this work, we address both issues introducing a new English word association dataset. We describe collection for over 12,000 cue words, currently largest such English-language resource world. Our procedure allowed subjects provide multiple responses each cue, permits us measure weak...

The word frequency effect refers to the observation that high-frequency words are processed more efficiently than low-frequency words. Although was first described over 80 years ago, in recent it has been investigated detail. It become clear considerable quality differences exist between estimates and we need a new standardized measure does not mislead users. Research also points consistent individual effect, meaning will be present at different ranges for people with degrees of language...

Abstract Sensorimotor information plays a fundamental role in cognition. However, the existing materials that measure sensorimotor basis of word meanings and concepts have been restricted terms their sample size breadth experience. Here we present norms strength for 39,707 across six perceptual modalities (touch, hearing, smell, taste, vision, interoception) five action effectors (mouth/throat, hand/arm, foot/leg, head excluding mouth/throat, torso), gathered from total 3,500 individual...

People tend to slow down after they make an error. This phenomenon, generally referred as post-error slowing, has been hypothesized reflect perceptual distraction, time wasted on irrelevant processes, a priori bias against the response made in error, increased variability bias, or increase caution. Although caution interpretation dominated empirical literature, little research attempted test this context of formal process model. Here, we used drift diffusion model isolate and identify...

We use the results of a large online experiment on word knowledge in Dutch to investigate variables influencing vocabulary size population and examine effect prevalence-the percentage knowing word-as measure occurrence. Nearly 300,000 participants were presented with about 70 stimuli (selected from list 53,000 words) an adapted lexical decision task. identify age, education, multilingualism as most important factors size. The suggest that accumulation throughout life multiple languages...