Abstract The formation and growth of river channels their network evolution are governed by the erosional depositional processes operating on landscape due to movement water. branching angles, i.e., angle between two adjoining channels, in drainage networks important features related topology contain valuable information about forming mechanisms landscape. Based channel extracted from 1 m Digital Elevation Models 120 catchments with minimal human impacts across United States, we show that...

Abstract The temporal dynamics of stream networks are vitally important for understanding hydrologic processes including surface water and groundwater interaction hydrograph recession. However, observations wet channel limited, especially in headwater catchments. Near‐infrared LiDAR data provide an opportunity to map owing the fine spatial resolution strong absorption light energy by surfaces. A systematic method is developed integrating elevation signal intensity ground returns. thresholds...

A method for automatic extraction of valley and channel networks from high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) is presented. This utilizes both positive (i.e., convergent topography) negative divergent curvature to delineate the network. The ridge skeletons are extracted using pixels' local terrain conditions. network generated by checking existence at least one between two intersecting valleys. transition unchannelized channelized sections head) in each first-order tributary...

The hierarchy of channel networks in landscapes displays features that are characteristic nonequilibrium complex systems. Here we show a sequence increasingly ridge and valley is produced by system partial differential equations coupling landscape evolution dynamics with specific catchment area equation. By means linear stability analysis identify the critical conditions triggering formation emergence spacing. ensuing channelization cascade, described dimensionless number accounting for...

Abstract The empirical proportionality relationship, which indicates that the ratio of cumulative surface runoff and infiltration to their corresponding potentials are equal, is basis extensively used Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS‐CN) method. objective this paper provide physical SCS‐CN method its hypothesis from excess generation perspective. To achieve purpose, an analytical solution Richards' equation derived for ponded in shallow water table environment under following...

Abstract The branching structure of river networks is an important topologic and geomorphic feature that depends on several factors (e.g., climate tectonics). However, mechanisms result in such patterns are poorly understood. Observations from natural catchments have revealed controls drainage density ( D d ). In this study, we investigate the effects climatic forcing network topology geometry beyond . For this, selected 26 basins across United States with equal , however, different aridity...

Remote sensing derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a widely used index to monitor vegetation and land use change. NDVI can be retrieved from publicly available data repositories of optical sensors such as Landsat, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) several commercial satellites. Studies that are heavily dependent on subject loss due cloud coverage. Specifically, contamination hindrance long-term environmental assessment when using information...

The logarithmic mean-velocity profile is a key experimental and theoretical result in wall-bounded turbulence. Similarly, here we show that the topographic surface emerging between parallel zero-elevation boundaries presents an intermediate region with mean-elevation profile. We use model simulations, which account for growth, erosion, smoothing processes give rise to complex topography channel branching fractal river networks, as well data from physical landscape-evolution experiment....

Abstract Channel networks increase in complexity as the importance of erosion grows compared to diffusion by soil creep, giving rise a channelization cascade. Simulations, laboratory experiments, and data from natural landscape are used uncover signature such cascade wavenumber spectrum elevation fluctuations. Power spectra at intermediate distances boundaries characterized peak that is related quasi‐cyclic valleys superimposed on power‐law scaling with exponent ( α ) smaller scales....

Abstract The temporal dynamics of the land surface are commonly modeled by so‐called landscape evolution models, consisting coupled partial differential equations accounting for balance sediment and water. An average budget equation a model in detachment‐limited condition is derived terms curvature‐dependent curvature‐independent components. This highlights role plane curvature spatial distribution divergence/convergence on erosion rate. Performing Reynolds‐type averaging original leads to...

The largest ever Sri Lankan dengue outbreak of 2017 provides an opportunity for investigating the relative contributions climatological, epidemiological and sociological drivers on epidemic patterns this clinically important vector-borne disease. To do so, we develop a climatologically driven disease transmission framework virus using spatially resolved temperature precipitation data as well time-series susceptible-infected-recovered (SIR) model. From framework, first demonstrate that...

Abstract Drainage networks emerge due to the movement of sediment driven by climatic and tectonic forcings. Previous observations revealed dependence drainage density ( D d ) on factors such as mean annual precipitation MAP ). Specifically, it has been observed in intermediate climate (~ 175 mm < 700 that decreases with increasing . This declining trend argued be attributed biotic activity, is, dominance vegetation growth over runoff erosive force. Using high‐resolution topographic data...

Landscapes evolve toward surfaces with complex networks of channels and ridges in response to climatic tectonic forcing. Here we analyze variational principles giving rise minimalist models landscape evolution as a system partial differential equations that capture the essential dynamics sediment water balances. Our results show absence diffusive soil transport, steady-state surface extremizes average domain elevation. Depending on exponent m specific drainage area erosion term, critical are...

Abstract The growth and evolution of drainage networks are controlled by erosional depositional processes forced climate tectonics operating on the landscape. By analyzing data from 137 natural basins across United States an ensemble synthetic terrains generated a numerical landscape model, we observed power law relationship between characteristic length (the scale at which timescales diffusive advective transports equal) density (total channel divided area) with two scaling regimes. regimes...

Social (central) planning is normally used in the literature to optimize system-wide efficiency and utility of multi-operator systems. Central tries maximize system's benefits by coordinating operators' strategies reduce externalities, assuming that all parties are willing cooperate. This assumption implies operators base their decisions based on group rationality rather than individual rationality, even if increased results reduced for some agents. limits applicability social planner's...

Abstract The objective of this comment is to correct two sets statements in Litwin et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006239 ), which consider our research work (Bonetti al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2017.0693 ; Bonetti 2020, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911817117 ). We clarify here that (a) the specific contributing area defined limit an infinitesimal contour length instead product a reference width and (b) not all solutions obtained from minimalist landscape evolution...

A minimalist model of ecohydrologic dynamics is coupled to the well-known susceptible–infected–recovered epidemiological explore hydro-climatic controls on infection and extreme outbreaks. The resulting HYSIR reveals existence a noise-induced bifurcation producing oscillations in dynamics. Linearization governing equations allows for an analytic expression periodicity infections terms both (e.g. transmission recovery rate) hydrologic (i.e. soil moisture decay rate or memory) parameters....

Stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) is a widely-used method for reservoir operations optimization under uncertainty but suffers from the dual curses of dimensionality and modeling. Reinforcement learning (RL), simulation-based stochastic approach, can nullify curse modeling that arises need calculating very large transition probability matrix. RL mitigates problem, cannot solve it completely as remains computationally intensive in complex multi-reservoir systems. This paper presents...

Turbulent flows are out-of-equilibrium because the energy supply at large scales and its dissipation by viscosity small create a net transfer of among all scales. Here, cascade is approximated combined contribution forward drift diffusion that recover accepted phenomenological theories turbulence. The fluctuation theorem (FT) then shown to describe scale-wise statistics backward their connection irreversibility entropy production. ensuing turbulence may be used formulate an extended thermodynamics.

Abstract The time compression (or condensation) approximation (TCA) is commonly used in conjunction with an infiltration capacity equation for predicting the postponding rate, or, more generally, under time‐varying precipitation. In this paper a power function relationship TCA between and its derivative proposed presence of shallow water table. results show that exponent ( β ) not constant but decreases as proceeds. change indicates changes during further suggests necessity using different...

Channel networks increase in complexity as the importance of erosion grows compared to diffusion by soil creep, giving rise a channelization cascade. In this cascade, smaller channels join form progressively larger ones with an alternation ridges and valleys involving multitude wavelengths. Simulations landscape evolution models laboratory experiments are used uncover signature such cascade wavenumber spectrum elevation fluctuations. Power spectra at intermediate distances from boundaries...