<b><i>Objective:</i></b> To characterize the frequency and severity of incidental findings in brain MRIs young older adult research volunteers, to provide an evaluation ethical challenges posed by detection such findings. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The authors reviewed 151 MRI scans obtained retrospectively from subjects recruited studies as healthy volunteers. Incidental were classified into four categories: no referral, routine, urgent, or immediate referral. <i>p</i> Values for significance...

Working memory is a limited resource. To further characterize its limitations, it vital to understand exactly what encoded about visual object beyond the "relevant" features probed in particular task. We measured quality of task-irrelevant feature an attended by coupling delayed estimation task with surprise test. Participants were presented single colored arrow and asked retrieve just color for first half experiment before unexpectedly being report direction. Mixture modeling data revealed...

Abstract Competition between simultaneously presented visual stimuli lengthens reaction time and reduces both the BOLD response neural firing. In contrast, conditions of sequential presentation have been assumed to be free from competition. Here we manipulated spatial proximity (Near versus Far conditions) examine effects simultaneous competition on different measures working memory (WM) for colour. With presentation, measure WM precision was significantly lower Near items, participants...

In this article, we demonstrate limitations of accessibility information in visual working memory (VWM). Recently, cued-recall has been used to estimate the fidelity VWM, where feature a cued object is reproduced from (Bays, Catalao, & Husain, 2009; Wilken Ma, 2004; Zhang Luck, 2008). Response error these tasks largely studied with respect failures encoding and maintenance; however, retrieval operations remain poorly understood. By varying number type features provided as cue...

Purpose: One rehabilitation strategy taught to individuals with hemianopic field loss (HFL) is make a large blind side scan quickly identify hazards. However, it not clear what the minimum threshold for how should be. Using driving simulation, we evaluated thresholds (criteria) gaze and head magnitudes that best predict detection safety. Methods: Seventeen participants complete HFL 15 normal vision (NV) drove through 4 routes in virtual city while their eyes were tracked. Participants...

We conducted a driving simulator study to investigate the effects of monitoring intersection cross traffic on gaze behaviors and responses pedestrians by drivers with hemianopic field loss (HFL).Sixteen HFL sixteen normal vision (NV) participants completed two drives in an urban environment. At 30 intersections, pedestrian ran across road when participant entered intersection, requiring braking response avoid collision. Intersections these events had either (1) no traffic, (2) one...

Abstract Individuals with homonymous visual field loss (HVFL) fail to perceive information that falls within the blind portions of their field. This places additional burden on memory represent in field, which may make changes scene more difficult detect. Failing detect could have serious implications context driving. A change blindness driving simulator experiment was conducted individuals HVFL ( n = 17) and those normal vision (NV; 16) where (pedestrians appearing) were triggered based...

Cognitive fatigue is a prevalent issue across multiple military operational domains, resulting in degraded mission performance and costly mishaps. One approach to mitigating the effects of environments develop technology, such as biomathematical, physiological, cognitive models, that can help individuals assess predict their its impacts on performance. We further enhance accuracy these models by incorporating individual difference metrics allow for increased individualization. In current...

Driving is a highly visual task, yet the vision requirements for driving licensure vary widely. All states have threshold acuity (e.g. most use 20/40 an unrestricted license, but can be as low 20/200 license that restricts to daytime or local area only). Surprisingly, however, contrast sensitivity rarely considered, despite evidence it may better predictor of crash risk than acuity. In two experiments (n = 30), we investigated how simulated reductions in and selectively affect detection...

Two prevalent models that describe Visual Working Memory (VWM) assume information is either stored in discrete slots or within a shared resource pool. To develop the theoretical landscape further, we propose hybrid model called Binding Pool model. This details how multiple items can be encoded and retrieved individually yet interact with one another distributed binding pool using Type/Token architecture. These processes use simple neural mechanisms rapidly encode arbitrary connections...

Objective We conducted a driving simulator study to investigate scanning and hazard detection before entering an intersection. Background Insufficient has been suggested as factor contributing intersection crashes. However, little is known about the relative importance of head eye movement components that in peripheral detection. Methods Eleven older (mean 67 years) 18 younger 27 current drivers drove while their movements were tracked. They completed two city drives (42 intersections per...

Competition has typically been manipulated by simultaneously presenting two visual items within the same receptive field (RF). Such competition originates at perception, and is associated with longer reaction times, reduced BOLD response neural firing. Previously we observed that perceptual affects working memory (WM) performance. In study during WM encoding varying spatial proximity between presented (Near vs. Far conditions). Participants were required to report colour of a target item on...

An important role of computational models is the development testable predictions. Here, we summarize results from testing 6 predictions concerning Binding Pool, a model visual working memory, in Swan and Wyble (2014). Prediction 1: Forgetting an object memory should improve precision other stored objects. This was tested by measuring when participants were cued to forget one item during retention interval (see also Williams et al., 2013). 2: Memory decline as more features are encoded. We...