This research aims at evaluating the effectiveness of precision irrigation systems in increasing yield and water productivity maize production. While it is well understood that technology offers ability to apply selectively and, therefore, be resource-saving, potential benefits practice have not been researched adequately. Quantitative data was obtained through survey administration with 50 farmers on use perception irrigation. Descriptive inferential analytical tools such as Chi-Square...

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a destructive pest of wide array agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. This in vitro research assessed the combined effect methanolic extracts indigenous flora Soone Valley (Khushab, Pakistan) nine commonly used synthetic insecticides against 3rd instar larvae S. using leaf-dip bioassay method. Toxicity bioassays with twelve plant revealed that Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal, Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker...

Synthetic insecticides have been an inevitable part of plant protection throughout the world. Sublethal effects these chemicals on beneficial insect species are one contemporary issues days. Using age-stage, two-sex life table model, this study evaluated sublethal and transgenerational six synthetic (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos profenofos) commonly applied to winter vegetables, fitness predation seven-spotted ladybeetle, Coccinella...

Phagosome-lysosome membrane fusion is a highly regulated event that essential for intracellular killing of microorganisms. Functionally, it represents form polarized secretion, which classically dependent on increases in ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i). Indeed, [Ca2+]i are phagosome-granule (lysosome) neutrophils and lysosomal events mediate host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes. Since several pathogens survive macrophage phagosomes do not fuse with lysosomes, we examined the...

ABSTRACT Pathogenic species of the genus Yersinia evade bactericidal functions phagocytes. This evasion is mediated through their virulence effectors, Yops, which act within target cells. In this study we investigated effect pseudotuberculosis on Ca 2+ signaling in polymorphonuclear neutrophils. The intracellular free calcium concentration single adherent human neutrophils was monitored during bacterial infection and, parallel, encounter between bacteria and cells observed. When a...

Abstract Phagocytosis is increased by Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), and studies with syk−/− macrophages demonstrated that Syk kinase required for FcγR phagocytosis. Similar lacking the Src family kinases Hck, Fgr, Lyn showed these are not phagocytosis but they enhance rate of particle engulfment. In this report we show both wild-type hck−/−fgr−/− expressed Fyn, Src, Yes were activated on ingestion immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated particles redistributed, together Syk, to actin-rich phagocytic cups...

Abstract Background As different biogeographic strains and isolates of entomopathogenic fungi vary in their genetic, enzymatic pathogenic characteristics, this study assessed the virulence 2 indigenous Beauveria bassiana (Balsam) Vuillemin Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Ascomycota, Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae), isolated from naturally infected insect cadavers, against 3rd instar nymphs Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) 3 rd larvae Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)...

Immunofluorescence was used to examine the distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L2 and E, F-actin, clathrin in infected McCoy HeLa cells. After incubation at 4 degrees C, C. serovar randomly distributed on cell surface. a temperature shift 37 chlamydiae redistributed, within 30 min, one local aggregate central or perinuclear region individual About 90% these aggregated were intracellularly localized, but some remained Similar results obtained with cells except that redistribution...

In the tropics, termites are major players in mineralization of organic matter leading to production greenhouse gases including nitrous oxide (N2O). Termites have a wide trophic diversity and their N-metabolism depends on feeding guild. This study assessed extent which N2O emission levels were determined by termite guild tested hypothesis that species diet rich N emit higher than those low N. An in-vitro incubation approach was used determine 14 belonging different guilds, collected from...

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is an economically important pest of crops within more than 40 plant families all over the world. This study encompasses in-vitro pathogenicity two strains Beauveria bassiana (BB-72 and BB-252) one strain Lecanicillium lecanii (V-4) against green aphid (M. persicae). Using a leaf-dip method, three different bioassays were conducted comprised filtrates conidial concentrations BB-72, BB-252 V-4 fungal their binary combinations....

Addictive, illicit drugs pose a high threat of relapse. The deaths related to have substantially increased in the last decade. Globally, drug trade poses significant challenge public health and law enforcement. It is essential utilize advanced analytical methodologies that can characterize illegal substances precisely monitor these drugs. Surfaced-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become valuable tool, providing distinct capabilities for analyzing substances. Surface enhancement enables...

Identification of adulterants in commercial samples methyl eugenol is necessary because it a botanical insecticide, tephritid male attractant lure that used to attract and kill invasive pests such as oriental fruit flies melon on crops. In this study, Raman spectroscopy was qualitatively quantitatively assess along with adulterants. For purpose, adulterated different concentrations xylene. The spectral features xylene liquid formulations were examined, peaks identified associated the...

When Chlamydia trachomatis elementary bodies enter epithelial cells, they occupy membrane-bound vesicles that aggregate with each other in a calcium-dependent manner but do not fuse lysosomes. As members of the annexin family calcium- and membrane-binding proteins have been implicated mediating calcium-regulated membrane traffic during endo- exocytosis, we examined intracellular localization certain annexins following invasion HeLa McCoy cells by C. serovar L2. Immunofluorescence staining...

Evidence linking Chlamydia pneumoniae to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is expanding. Platelets are considered play an essential role in diseases; however, so far platelets have not been associated with infectious cause of atherosclerosis. This study aims clarify the interaction between C and possibly present a novel mechanism pathogenesis atherosclerosis.The effects on platelet aggregation secretion were assessed lumiaggregometry, ability bind stimulate expression P-selectin was...

Abstract We have investigated the role of cAMP and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) in neutrophil phagocytosis. Inhibition cAPK with H-89 reduced complement- IgG-dependent phagocytosis to 83 46%, respectively. Fluorescence intensity measurements phalloidin-stained actin neutrophils showed a amount filamentous (F-actin) pseudopods around phagosome cells treated or cAMP-elevating agents (forskolin rolipram). The phosphotyrosine-containing proteins was also phagosome. Taken together, data...

We have evaluated the uptake of a soluble protein antigen, denitrophenylated human serum albumin (DNP‐HSA), and two different intracellular bacteria; Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Ra, by immature dendritic cells. These were generated culturing progenitor cells from blood in presence cytokines (granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor interleukin‐4). Dendritic play crucial part antigen presentation for induction T‐cell‐dependent immune responses...