Background: Information about the effect of Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit on drug utilization and expenditures is limited. Objective: To estimate changes in prescription out-of-pocket attributable to among a sample persons eligible for benefit. Design: Generalized estimating equations were used beneficiaries. A control group was included secular trends unrelated Setting: National pharmacy chain representing approximately 15% all U.S. retail sales. Participants: Persons age 66 79...

The COVID-19 pandemic prompted social distancing, workplace closures, and restrictions on mobility trade that had cascading effects economic activity, food prices, employment in low- middle-income countries. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria covering a period October 2020 to April 2021, the paper assesses whether knowledge of person infected with is associated insecurity, job loss business coping strategies smooth consumption. likelihood households experience insecurity...

We explore long-term trends and determinants of socioeconomic inequities in chronic childhood undernutrition measured by stunting among under-five children Bangladesh. Given that one three remain stunted Bangladesh, the mapping prevalence may be critical designing public policies interventions to eradicate undernutrition.Six rounds Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey data are utilized, spanning period 1996/97 2014. Using recognized measures absolute relative inequality (namely, difference,...

We test the predictions of rational addiction model, reconceptualized as habit formation, in context handwashing rural India. To track handwashing, we design soap dispensers with timed sensors. for formation by informing some households about a future change returns to daily handwashing. Monitoring and incentives raise contemporaneously, effects persist well after they end. In addition, people are this formation: when anticipate monitoring, increase their current Average child weight height...

Mango (Mangifera indica) quality assessment poses challenges in traditional grading methods, primarily relying on visual inspection, which can be subjective. This research aims to develop a Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) for evaluating mango based parameters such as color, size, and spots. A qualitative data collection approach was employed through literature review expert opinions, followed by the application of fuzzy logic using MATLAB analyze affecting quality. The results demonstrate that...

Little is known regarding recent changes in glitazone use.Interrupted time series analyses of nationally representative office-visit data using IMS Health's National Disease and Therapeutic Index.From 2003 through 2005, use increased steadily. From February 2005 to January 2007, rosiglitazone decreased by 16% (95% CI -20 -11) annually; pioglitazone at an annual rate 14% (9-18). During a period Food Drug Administration (FDA) advisories, declined sharply from 0.42 million monthly treatment...

We test the main predictions of rational addiction model, reconceptualized as habit formation, in context handwashing. To track we design soap dispensers with timed sensors. for formation by informing some households about a future change returns to daily Child weight and height increase all dispensers. Monitoring incentives raise handwashing contemporaneously, effects persist well after they end. Anticipation monitoring further raises handwashing: individuals internalize handwashing's...

We marketed a training program for lower level managers (line supervisors) to large factories in the Bangladeshi ready-made garment industry. Take-up of (even free slot) was low, due intense production pressures, fire-fighting and concerns over retention trained workers. is quite insensitive pricing. There higher interest demand modules aimed at improving processes quality, rather than human resources social compliance. Since priced close commercially viable rate, it might be possible...

Abstract Background Binary categorical approaches to diagnosing depression have been widely criticized due clinical limitations and potential negative consequences. In place of such models depression, a ‘staged model’ has recently proposed classify populations into four tiers according severity symptoms: ‘Wellness;’ ‘Distress;’ ‘Disorder;’ ‘Refractory.’ However, empirical deriving this model are limited, especially with in low- middle-income countries. Methods A mixed-methods study using...

Access to health care in lesser-developed countries is often quite limited, especially rural areas. However, less known about how different factors, such as household structure, parental income and education, modify access care. This study uses individual-level data from Bangladesh during following a period of major flooding examine factors associated with reports illness demand for doctors households children than 10 years age. Using information the number who were reported sick also those...

Objectives To test whether social ties play any roles in mitigating depression and anxiety, as well fostering mental health among young men living a poor urban community. Setting A cohort of all an slum Dhaka, the capital Bangladesh. Participants All aged 18–29 years (n=824) low-income community at time survey. Primary secondary outcome measures Unspecified psychological morbidity measured using General Health Questionnaire, 12-item (GHQ-12), where lower scores suggest better status. Results...

ABSTRACT This paper attempts to understand and operationalize the notion of spatial accessibility (SA) in context microfinance. Using geographic information system (GIS) data from northern Bangladesh, we have generated a kernel‐smoothed map found remarkable variation access microcredit. Results suggest that areas isolated physical infrastructure, administrative establishments, prone ecological shocks, exhibit lower degree SA. Moreover, using an instrumental variable framework, SA has...

Women remain disadvantaged in access to management positions around the world. We conduct a field experiment with 24 large garment factories Bangladesh test for inefficient representation of women among line supervisors. identify marginal female and male candidates supervisory randomly assign them manage production lines. Three sets results emerge: (i) extensive diagnostic testing at baseline reveal few skill differences between supervisor candidates; (ii) initially, have lower productivity...

Conflicts between management and workers are common can have significant impacts on productivity. We study how in a large Bangladeshi sweater factory responded to management’s decision lay off about quarter of the following period labor unrest. Our main finding is that mass layoff resulted persistent reduction productivity surviving workers. Moreover, it specifically firing peers with whom had social connections – friends - matters. also provide suggestive evidence deliberate shading...

Delivering safe water in cities of lower- and middle-income countries remains elusive even where there is a piped supply. Passive, in-line chlorination upstream the point collection reduces child diarrhea without behavior change required for point-of-use treatment products or manual chlorine dispensers. We conducted price experiment to measure effective demand (willingness ability pay) an service using tablet chlorinators among 196 landlords rental housing properties Dhaka, Bangladesh....

Abstract Background Differences in contingent valuation (CV) estimates for identical healthcare goods can cast considerable doubt on the true economic measures of consumer preferences. Hypothetical nature CV methods potentially depend salience, context and perceived relevance good or service under consideration. Thus, high demand elasticity warrants careful selection study population as contexts significantly changes after experiencing health shock. Methods In this study, using...

To examine the impact of family structure on pharmacologic stimulant use among children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Nationally representative, population-based sample National Health Interview Survey from 1997 to 2003 linked drug event files Medical Expenditure Panel 1998 2005.Stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used likelihood for each individual during 2 years observation after adjustment sociodemographic, health, and characteristics. Stratified analyses...