A microfabrication technology capable of electrodepositing truly three-dimensional metal structures is introduced. Micrometer-scale nickel including a multicoiled helical spring have been fabricated. Electrodeposition localized by placing sharp-tipped electrode in plating solution, near substrate, and applying voltage. Structures are built moving the appropriately with respect to substrate. Vertical deposition rates 6 /spl mu/m/s observed, two orders magnitude greater than those conventional...

Purpose Minimalist running shoes are becoming a more popular choice for runners in the past few years. However, there is little conclusive evidence about advantages or disadvantages of these shoes. Although performance benefits may exist, injury also occur from added stress without benefit cushioning under foot. Bone marrow edema can be manifestation on This study measured bone runners’ feet before and after 10-wk period transitioning traditional to minimalist Methods Thirty-six experienced...

The choice of marathon racing shoes can greatly affect performance. purpose this study is to metabolically and mechanically compare the consumer version Nike Vaporfly 4% shoe two other popular shoes, determine differences in running economy. Nineteen subjects performed 5-minute trials at 4.44m/s wearing Adidas Adios Boost (AB), Zoom Streak (ZS), (VP) random order. Oxygen uptake was recorded during minutes 3–5 averaged across both trials. On a second day, wore reflective markers, 3-minute...

A three-dimensional finite element model of the mechanical and electrical behavior heart is being developed in a collaboration among Auckland University, New Zealand; University California at San Diego, U.S.; McGill Canada. The equations continuum mechanics from theory deformation elasticity are formulated prolate spheroidal coordinate system solved using combination Galerkin collocation techniques. basis functions used for dependent independent variables range linear Lagrange to cubic...

The theory underlying a new method for the identification of time-varying systems is described. uses singular value decomposition to obtain least-squares estimates impulse response functions from an ensemble input-output realizations. No priori assumptions regarding system structure or form time-variation are required and there few restrictions on input signal. Simulation studies, using model joint dynamics, show that can track rapid changes in dynamics accurately robust presence output...

In the finishing kick of a distance race, maximizing speed becomes focus even if economy may be sacrificed. If runners knew how to alter their technique become more sprint-like, this process could successful. study, we compared differences in between sprinters and while running at equal maximal speeds. Athletes consisted 10 Division I runners, sprinters, healthy non-runners. They performed two tests, each consisting 60-m run on track: Test 1 set pace 5.81 m/s, 2 was speed. Video collected...

Six pigeons were exposed to concurrent variable-interval schedules in which the programmed reinforcer ratios changed from session according a pseudorandom binary sequence. This procedure corresponded stochastic identification paradigm ("white-noise experiment") of systems theory and enabled relation between log response current all previous sessions be determined. Such dynamic relations are called linear transfer functions. Both nonparametric parametric representations these, form...

A proposed benefit of minimalist shoe running is an increase in intrinsic foot muscle strength. This study examined change size runners transitioning to Vibram FiveFingers™ shoes compared a control group traditional shoes. We compare pre-transition between who developed bone marrow edema those did not. 37 were randomly assigned the (n=18) or (n=19). Runners’ and measured at baseline after 10 weeks. Total volume was maintained by all runners. significant abductor hallucis cross-sectional area...

This study investigates the relationship between total running experience, defined as cumulative years of multiplied by weekly mileage, and variability in lower leg joint kinematics during treadmill running. Twenty-seven male athletes participated, while kinematic kinetic data were collected. Linear regression revealed significant negative correlations experience both knee ankle range motion (ROM). Specifically, ROM (p = 0.001, R2 0.35) 0.002, 0.32) reduced runners with more experience. A...

Abstract With a growing emphasis on students playing an active role in the feedback process, understanding how perceive academic is essential to support implementation of relevant strategies that can drive better engagement. The current study explored elementary school students' perceptions two different contexts/cultures: United Kingdom and Indonesia. Results suggest younger older Indonesia hold similar understandings purpose (task‐based), with showing higher awareness importance...