It has been claimed that bilingualism enhances inhibitory control, but the available evidence is equivocal. The authors evaluated several possible versions of inhibition hypothesis by comparing monolinguals and bilinguals with regard to stop signal performance, return, attentional blink. These three phenomena, it can be argued, tap into different aspects inhibition. Monolinguals did not differ in reaction time thus were comparable terms active-inhibitory efficiency. However, showed no...

This study examined the asymmetrical language switching cost in a word reading task (Experiment 1) and categorization 2 3). In Experiment 1, Spanish–English bilinguals named words first (L1) second (L2) paradigm. They were slower to switch from their weaker L2 more dominant L1 than L2. 3, high vs. low English proficiency decided whether visually presented or referred an animate inanimate entity. this case, did not show when they switched between languages. These results suggest that...

We investigate the 'gender-congruency' effect during a spoken-word recognition task using visual world paradigm. Eye movements of Italian-Spanish bilinguals and Spanish monolinguals were monitored while they viewed pair objects on computer screen. Participants listened to instructions in (encuentra la bufanda / 'find scarf') clicked object named instruction. Grammatical gender objects' name was manipulated so that pairs had same (congruent) or different (incongruent) Italian, but always...

We explored whether the grammatical gender of native language (L1) affects production words in a second (L2). Evidence from previous studies is contrasting. In present investigation, Italian-Spanish bilinguals were instructed to name pictures L2 (Experiments 1 and 2) or translate L1 (Experiment 3), producing either bare noun phrase (article + noun). Half nouns had same two languages, while other half different gender. all experiments, responses faster gender-congruent than gender-incongruent...

In 3 experiments, we investigated the effect of grammatical gender on object categorization. Participants were asked to judge whether 2 objects, whose names did or not share gender, belonged same semantic category by pressing a key. Monolingual speakers English (Experiment 1), Italian (Experiments 1 and 2), Spanish 3) tested in their native language. participants responded faster pairs stimuli sharing whereas no difference was observed for participants. Experiment 2, pictures chosen such way...

Inhibitory control processes have been recently considered to be involved in interference resolution bilinguals at the phonological level. In this study we explored if is also carried out by inhibitory mechanism grammatical Thirty-two (Italian-L1 and Spanish-L2) participated. All of them completed two tasks. first one they had name pictures L2. We manipulated gender congruency between languages number presentations (1 5). Results showed a effect with slower naming latencies incongruent...

Previous studies have shown that bilinguals perform a production task faster when the item is gender-congruent across their two languages than it not. The current study aimed to explore three factors might modulate this effect: similarity of gender systems, need retrieve grammatical task, and role semantic variable (concreteness) in processing information. In Experiment 1, Russian–Spanish showed gender-congruency effects whether they translated concrete nouns isolation or noun-phrases....

The selection of grammatical gender in bare noun production is a controversial topic. In two experiments with the picture–word interference paradigm we confirmed reliable effect congruency Italian and replicated this Spanish, another Romance language system analogous to one. both Experiments, naming times were slower for pairs sharing gender. results present study support notion that an intrinsic lexical property not pure syntactic feature selected only phrase production. We assume crucial...

In a new series of experiments with the picture-word interference paradigm, we replicated grammatical gender effect in bare noun production Italian: naming times are slower to pairs sharing same gender. This is independent from morphological transparency for gender, but responses significantly when distracters transparent Overall, pattern results supports assumption that always selected, at least languages like Italian. We assume differential effects nominal endings due mechanisms involved...

ABSTRACT This study explores the possibility of cross-language activation when bilinguals process number words in their first language (Italian) and second (German). Italian monolinguals (Experiment 1), German 2), Italian/German 3) were required to decide larger two while unit–decade compatibility effect was examined. For compatible trials decade unit comparisons lead same response (e.g., 24–67), whereas for incompatible different responses 27–64). The regular significant performed...

Abstract Bilinguals’ two languages seem to be coactivated in parallel during reading, speaking, and listening. However, this coactivation writing has been scarcely studied. This study aimed assess orthographic spelling-to-dictation. We took advantage of the presence polyvalent graphemes Spanish (one phonological representation with specifications, e.g., / b /for both v b) manipulate congruency. Spanish–English bilinguals were presented cross-linguistic congruent (mo ement–mo imiento)...

Abstract The present study examines whether processing a word in one language is affected by the grammatical gender of its translation equivalent another language. To this end, group Catalan–Spanish bilinguals performed translation–recognition task while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. Participants presented with Catalan and Spanish pairs words had to decide if they equivalents. Correct translations included that congruent ( estiu MAS / verano –summer) or incongruent tardor...

Different systems are used to facilitate communication for people with speech problems. Among these, pictographic offer an extraordinary solution many severe disorders; example, autism spectrum disorders, aphasia, cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy, etc. The system called Aragonese Portal of Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ARASAAC http://arasaac.org), freely distributed under the Creative Commons License (BY-NC-SA), is important reference in countries. Although these images...

The aim of the study was to explore nature gender-congruency effect, characterized by a facilitation on processing congruent words in grammatical gender. Moreover, we explored whether resemblances between gender identities and attitudes with modulated lexical processing. We designed gender-priming paradigm Spanish, which participants decided masculine or feminine pronoun preceded three different primes: biological nouns (mapping sex), stereotypical information), epicene (arbitrary...

In this study we explored whether native Spanish speakers’ knowledge of grammatical gender in their language (L1) affects speech production a second (L2) which lacks feature (English). We selected Spanish–English bilinguals for testing who were immersed either an L1 or L2 context. Using picture–word task, participants had to name pictures while ignoring distractor words that could be gender-congruent gender-incongruent according the translation. Results revealed non-immersed slower naming...

Abstract Learning a new language is an important goal that many individuals find difficult to achieve, particularly during adulthood. Several factors have related this variability different extrinsic (learning condition, difficulty of the materials) and intrinsic (cognitive abilities) factors, but interaction between them barely known. In two experiments, participants learned English grammar rules in intentional (Experiment 1) or explicit 2), incidental learning-contexts. Overall, results...

Aging has traditionally been related to impairments in name retrieval. These have usually explained by a phonological transmission deficit hypothesis or an inhibitory hypothesis. This decline can, however, be modulated the educational level of sample. study analyzed possible role these approaches explaining both object and face naming during aging. Older adults with low high young were asked repeatedly objects famous people using semantic-blocking paradigm. We compared when exemplars...

This study used a word dictation task to examine the influence of variety factors on writing production: cognate status (cognate vs. non-cognate words), orthographic (OS) and phonological similarity (PS) within set words, language learning background [late bilinguals (LBs) with academic literacy formal instruction in English Spanish, heritage speakers (HSs) only English]. Both accuracy reaction times for first key pressed by participants (indicating lexical access), time required type rest...