Procedures that may be used to evaluate the operational performance of a wide spectrum geophysical models are introduced. Primarily using complementary set difference measures, both model accuracy and precision can meaningfully estimated, regardless whether predictions manifested as scalars, directions, or vectors. It is additionally suggested reliability measures determined from bootstrap estimates confidence significance. Recommended procedures illustrated with comparative evaluation two...

A long-term (1952-1997) climatology was developed using reference vineyard observations in Bordeaux, France. The procedure partitioned the season into growth intervals from one phenological event to next (budburst, floraison, veraison, and harvest) which climatic influences were summed assessed. data then used investigate relationships between climate phenology, berry composition at harvest, total production, quality. Over last two decades, phenology of grapevines Bordeaux has tended towards...

Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent ( SWE ) in mountainous terrain is currently most important unsolved problem hydrology. Several methods can estimate amount throughout a mountain range: (1) Spatial interpolation from surface sensors constrained by remotely sensed extent provides consistent answer, with uncertainty related to extrapolation unrepresented locations. (2) The date disappearance combined melt calculation reconstruct back last significant snowfall. (3)...

Wind is widely recognized as one of the dominant controls snow accumulation and distribution in exposed alpine regions. Complex highly variable wind fields rugged terrain lead to similarly complex with areas no adjacent deep accumulation. Unfortunately, these complexities have limited inclusion redistribution effects spatial models. In this study difficulties associated physically exhaustive field modeling are avoided terrain-based parameters developed characterize effects. One parameter, ,...

Heat is the primary weather-related cause of death in United States. Increasing heat and humidity, at least partially related to anthropogenic climate change, suggest that a long-term increase heat-related mortality could occur. We calculated annual excess on days when apparent temperatures--an index combines air temperature humidity--exceeded threshold value for 28 major metropolitan areas States from 1964 through 1998. Heat-related rates declined significantly over time 19 cities. For...

Abstract This study describes the impact of weather on human mortality at numerous locations around United States. We evaluate forty-eight cities and determine differential an intercity interregional level. The data are analyzed separately for different age, race, cause death categories. possible geographical within-season acclimatization is also analyzed. Thresh-old temperatures, which represent temperature beyond increases, identified all categories in summer winter. correlate variables...

Abstract Our understanding of snow distribution in the mountains is limited as a result complex controls leading to extreme spatial variability. More accurate representations are greatly needed for improvements hydrological forecasts, climate models, and future testing validation remote‐sensing retrieval algorithms. In this study, relative performances four interpolation methods were evaluated estimate water equivalent three 1 km 2 study sites Colorado Rocky Mountains. Each site...

The semipermanent subtropical anticyclone over the North Atlantic basin (the “Azores high”) has a major influence on weather and climate of much America, western Europe, northwestern Africa. authors develop climatology Azores high by examining its spatial temporal changes since 1899. Using gridded surface pressure values, anticyclones are identified when daily is ≥1020 mb frequencies tabulated for each half month from 1899 to 1990. Principal components analysis applied analyze anticyclone’s...

An approach to model distributed snow water equivalence (SWE) that merges field measurements of depth and density with remotely sensed snow-covered area (SCA) is described. In 1993, two teams conducted an intensive survey in the 92·8 km2 Blackcap Basin Kings River. Snow was measured at 709 points five pits along transects using a Federal Sampler. Sample locations were chosen be representative range elevation, slope aspect basin. Regression tree models showed net radiation, elevation angle...

Extreme precipitation has been increasing in the United States over past century. In light of associated impacts and possible linkages to climate change, this topic garnered a great deal attention from scientific community general public. Because tropical cyclones are common source heavy rainfall southeastern States, we examined contribution cyclone relative overall extreme all weather systems combined. We used surface observation network period 1972–2007, consisting first‐order Cooperative...

High temperature and humidity conditions are associated with short-term elevations in the mortality rate many United States cities. Previous research has quantified this relationship an aggregate manner over large metropolitan areas, but within these areas response may differ based on local-scale variability climate, population characteristics, socio-economic factors.We compared for 48 Zip Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) comprising Philadelphia County, PA to determine if certain elevated risk...

Abstract Accurately estimating basin‐wide snow water equivalent (SWE) is the most important unsolved problem in mountain hydrology. Models that rely on remotely sensed inputs are especially needed ranges with few surface measurements. The NASA Airborne Snow Observatory (ASO) provides estimates of SWE at 50 m spatial resolution several basins across Western U.S. during melt season. Primarily, managers use this information to forecast snowmelt runoff into reservoirs; another impactful ASO...

Mortality rates increase immediately after periods of high air temperature. In the days and weeks heat events, time series may exhibit mortality displacement-periods lower than expected mortality. We examined all-cause meteorological data from 1980 to 2009 in cities Atlanta, Georgia; Boston, Massachusetts; Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Phoenix, Arizona; Seattle, Washington; St. Louis, Missouri. modeled baseline using a generalized additive model. Heat waves...

Abstract. Intrinsic albedo is the bihemispherical reflectance independent of effects topography or surface roughness. Conversely, apparent reflected radiation divided by incident and may be affected For snow, often rough, these two optical quantities have different uses: intrinsic used in scattering equations whereas should energy balance models. Complementing numerous studies devoted to roughness its effect on snow reflectance, this work analyzes a time series albedos over season at...

Abstract. Snow cover mapping algorithms utilizing multispectral satellite data at various spatial resolutions are available, each treating subpixel variation differently. Past evaluations of snow accuracy typically relied on collected a higher resolution than the in question. However, these optical cannot characterize performance under forest canopies or meter scale. Here, we use 3 m depth maps 116 d by an aerial laser scanner to validate band ratio and spectral-mixture algorithms. Such...

Abstract A spatial synoptic climatological index is developed that both characterizes the dynamic and thermodynamic surface weather regime capable of assessing analysing impact synoptic‐scale variations on numerous environmental parameters. Based upon data for contiguous USA 1984, daily maps are produced show those areas under influence similar conditions. The by applying principal components analysis to a matrix 141 stations 24 elements (chosen represent thermal‐moisture flow...

The purpose of this study is to predict spatial distributions snow properties important the hydrology and remote sensing signatures boreal ecosystem. This part Boreal Ecosystems Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) central Saskatchewan northern Manitoba. Forested environments provide unique problems for cover process modeling due complex interactions among snow, energy transfer, trees. These are approached by coupling a modified model with radiative forest canopies. Additionally, tree well describes...