Background. Arm nonuse, defined as the difference between what individual can do when constrained to use paretic arm and does given a free choice either arm, has not yet been quantified in individuals poststroke. Objectives. (1) To quantify nonuse poststroke (2) develop test novel, simple, objective, reliable, valid instrument, Bilateral Reaching Test (BART), Methods. First, we with Quality of Movement (QOM) subscale Actual Amount Use (AAUT) by subtracting AAUT QOM score spontaneous...

This study investigates the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) data from FORMOSAT-7/COSMIC-2 (FS7/C2), which provides considerably more and deeper profiles at lower latitudes than those former FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (FS3/C). The statistical analysis of six-month RO shows that rate penetration depth below 1 km height within ±45° can reach 80% for FS7/C2, significantly higher 40% FS3/C. For verification, FS7/C2 are compared with observations chartered missions provided...

Introduction Foreign language teaching is a demanding and challenging profession, teacher burnout common issue in this field. There growing research interest exploring the factors that can protect teachers from promote their well-being, as well effectiveness classroom. One such factor might be loving pedagogy, which refers to teacher’s positive compassionate attitudes behaviors toward students. This study aimed examine association between Dispositions Loving Pedagogy (DTLP), self-efficacy,...

Abstract. A novel radio occultation (RO) technique, polarimetric RO (PRO), has recently been developed to measure differential phase shift together with traditional products such as temperature and moisture. PRO observations have shown be associated the vertical structure of cloud hydrometeors. With this unique measurement capability, soundings could potentially used evaluate model microphysics. This study compared WRF simulations three typhoon cases in 2019 2021, initialized ERA5 NCEP FNL...

Rehabilitation programs designed to develop skill in upper extremity (UE) function after stroke require progressive practice that engage and challenge the learner. Virtual realty (VR) provides a unique environment where presentation of stimuli can be controlled systematically for optimal by adapting task difficulty as performance improves. We describe four VR tasks were developed tested improve arm hand movement skills individuals with hemiparesis.Two participants chronic post-stroke paresis...

AB STRACT

Background. Efficacy of task-oriented training can be reliably trusted only when the inherent measurement variability is determined. The Actual Amount Use Test (AAUT) and Motor Activity Log (MAL) have been used together as measures spontaneous arm use after an intervention; however, minimal detectable change (MDC) AAUT MAL has not addressed. Objective. To compare MDC 90 in context a randomized controlled trial neurorehabilitation intervention, Extremity Constraint-Induced Therapy Evaluation...

Abstract Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data have been broadly used in global and regional numerical weather predictions. Assimilation with the bending angle often performs better than refractivity, which is inverted from under spherical assumption sometimes associated negative biases at lower troposphere; however, operator also requires a higher model top as models. This study furnishes feasibility of bending-angle assimilation prediction heavy precipitation systems...

Abstract The Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) technique is becoming a robust global observing system. GPS RO refractivity typically modeled at the ray perigee point by “local operator” in data assimilation Such modeling does not take into account horizontal gradients that affect refractivity. A new observable (linear excess phase), defined as an integral of along some fixed path within model domain, has been developed earlier studies to for effect gradients. In this...

The completion of every disaster rescue task performed by repair work teams relies on the in-time supply materials to workers. Up now, logistical support planning for emergency in Taiwan has been done manually, which is neither effective nor efficient. To remedy problem, this study presents a scheduling model given schedule. objective minimize short-term operating cost subject time constraints and other related constraints. This formulated as an integer multiple-commodity network flow...

Abstract In this study, the impact of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data on prediction genesis 10 tropical cyclones over western North Pacific Ocean is assessed. With use a nonlocal excess phase observation operator in cycling assimilation, probability detection for cyclogenesis increased from 30% to 70% cases considered, all which developed into typhoons. However, only 40% when local used, indicating that can significantly influence performance RO assimilation...

Abstract The impact of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) soundings on the prediction severe mei-yu frontal rainfall near Taiwan in June 2012 was investigated this study using a developed local bending angle (LBA) operator. Two operators for refractivity (REF) and nonlocal [excess phase (EPH)] were also used comparisons. devised LBA simplifies calculation Abel transform inverting model without loss accuracy. These have been implemented into three-dimensional variational...

Abstract The impact of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) data on an intense synoptic-scale storm that occurred over the Southern Ocean in December 2007 is evaluated, and a synoptic explanation assessed offered. by using three-dimensional variational assimilation scheme (3DVAR) Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Model Data Assimilation (WRFDA), comparing two experiments: one with other without assimilating refractivity from four different RO missions. Verifications...

Abstract This study evaluates, for the first time, impact of airborne global positioning system radio occultation (ARO) observations on a hurricane forecast. A case was conducted Hurricane Karl during Pre-Depression Investigation Cloud-Systems in Tropics (PREDICT) field campaign 2010. The assimilation ARO data developed three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) analysis Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model version 3.2. forecasts evaluated through (DA) experiments local refractivity...

Abstract A cycling run, which began 36 h before the model forecast, was employed to assimilate special Terrain-influenced Monsoon Rainfall Experiment (TiMREX) soundings, Global Telecommunications System (GTS) data, and Constellation Observing for Meteorology, Ionosphere Climate (COSMIC) global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) refractivity profiles improve initial conditions provided by National Centers Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Forecast (GFS) study a coastal, heavy...

Abstract The authors have discovered two sizeable biases in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model: a negative bias geopotential warm temperature, appearing both initial condition forecast. increase with height thus manifest themselves at upper part of model domain. Both stem from common root, which is that vertical structures specific volume potential temperature are convex functions. caused by particular discrete hydrostatic equation used WRF proportional to square thickness...

Abstract Conventional soundings are rather limited over the western North Pacific and can be largely compensated by GNSS radio occultation (RO) data. We utilize GSI hybrid assimilation system to assimilate RO data multiresolution global model (MPAS) investigate impact on prediction of Typhoon Nepartak that passed southern Taiwan in 2016. In this study, performances with local refractivity bending angle operators compared for analysis typhoon forecast. Assimilations both have shown similar...

AB STRACTTy phoon Bilis which struck Tai wan in July 2006 was cho sen to as sess the po ten tial im pact of GPS ra dio occultation (RO) refractivity soundings on nu mer i cal sim u la tion us ing WRF model.We found that this case elu ci dates lim ited RO ty pre dic due their fa vor able lo ca tions.In ad di tion, top avail precipitable wa ter (PW) and near-sur face wind speed from SSM/I data, we have also ex plored com bined impacts model prediction.The two FORMOSAT-3 near ini time are lated...

潮位是保证沿海安全、监测海洋气候、维持高程基准的重要参数。近年来基于地基Global Navigation Satellite Systems(GNSS)反射信号的遥感方法被证实可以用于潮位监测。相较于传统的潮位测量方法,GNSS-multipath reflectometry(GNSS-MR)技术有成本低、连续跟踪、全天候等优势;但是目前技术的精度不高、时间分辨率较低。通过获取更多GNSS卫星系统的观测数据可以提高潮位监测结果的时间分辨率,本文利用GPS、GLONASS、Galileo和BeiDou的观测数据,采用基于IGGIII模型的稳健回归方法对四系统的潮位反演数据进行融合研究。测站选取BRST站和HKQT站,这两个测站均可接收四系统数据;实验结果表明,利用多模多频GNSS-MR进行潮位反演,二个测站的反演精度分别优于13 cm和8 cm,相比于单系统单频精度有40%—70%的提升,而且能够大大提高时间分辨率。