Soil erosion on the slope is a major problem in northern region of Pakistan, causing hill instability and landslides. Previous research focused assessment soil hilly regions caused by intense flooding. However, there still gap investigating impact vegetation patterns densities reduction region. Therefore, current fills this with an experimental investigation various for using physical model regions. Experiments were performed under diverse scenarios including two Froude numbers (Fr = 0.17...

Rainfall runoff models are highly useful for water resources planning and development. In the present study rainfall–runoff model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was developed applied a watershed in Pakistan. The to suite conditions which collected dataset is short quality of questionable. results ANN were compared with mathematical conceptual model. cross validation approach adopted generalization models. precipitation used data from Meteorological Department Karachi confirmed...

The objective of the study was to evaluate performance three different aquatic macrophytes for treatment municipal wastewater collected from Taxila (Pakistan). A physical model plant constructed and operated six experimental runs with each species macrophyte. Every run consist thirty days period. Regular monitoring influent effluent concentrations were made during run. For locally available macrophyte i.e. water hyacinth, duckweed & lettuce selected use. To macrophyte, BOD5, COD, Nutrients...

As a major component of the hydrologic cycle, rainfall runoff plays key role in water resources management and sustainable development. Conceptual models rainfall-runoff process are governed by parameters that can rarely be directly determined for use distributed models, but should either inferred through good judgment or calibrated against historical record. Artificial neural network (ANN) require comparatively fewer such parameters, their accuracy needs to checked. This paper compares...

Future predictions of rainfall patterns in water-scarce regions are highly important for effective water resource management. Global circulation models (GCMs) commonly used to make such predictions, but these complex and expensive. Furthermore, their results associated with uncertainties variations different GCMs various greenhouse gas emission scenarios. Data-driven including artificial neural networks (ANNs) adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) can be predict long-term future...

Previous experimental research on utilizing pier modifications as countermeasures against local scour has focused primarily circular pier. It is of utmost importance to further investigate the most suitable shape for modification countermeasure separately and in combination. This study aims reduce stagnation flow vortex formation front bridge by providing a collar, hooked cable, openings combination around shape. Therefore, six different shapes were utilized find out influence scouring...

The flow dynamics and river geomorphology are influenced by vegetation patches, which naturally exist in various patterns. Previous studies have not explored the effect of patches with different shapes placed a staggered arrangement varying aspect ratio (AR: longitudinal to lateral patch length). We used numerical method examine around rigid, emerged rectangular flume. impact (circle, square, rectangle) was investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software FLUENT. findings...

Indoor air quality (IAQ) in higher education institutions’ dormitories, without mechanical ventilation, is a significant concern for students’ health due to prolonged occupancy cold regions. The present investigation assessed IAQ by measuring two dormitories’ CO2, temperature, and relative humidity with the presence of one, two, three, four occupants United Kingdom. Considering possibility natural ventilation opening windows summer, was monitored using sensors located at 1 m 2 heights from...

The objective of the study was to evaluate performance three different aquatic macrophytes for treatment municipal wastewater collected from Taxila in Pakistan. A physical model a typical plant constructed and operated six experimental runs with each species macrophyte. Every run consisted thirty-day period. Regular monitoring influent effluent concentrations were made during run. Locally available macrophyte (water hyacinth, duckweed water lettuce) selected testing. To macrophyte, BOD5,...

Municipalities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are putting serious efforts into reducing water losses to around 8% (i.e., national benchmark) supplied through active leakage control (ALC). In this research, a framework is conceptualized and developed establish economic level (ELL), keeping view specific conditions arid regions. general, loss actions, including ALC, passive control, pressure management, infrastructure asset performed by municipalities up service connections until cost...

In arid regions, the groundwater drawdown consistently increases, and even for a constant pumping rate, long-term predictions remain challenge. The present research applies modular three-dimensional finite-difference flow (MODFLOW) model to unique aquifer facing challenges of undefined boundary conditions. Artificial neural networks (ANN) adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) have also been investigated predicting levels in aquifer. A framework is developed evaluating impact various...

Stormwater drainage systems in urban areas located arid environmental regions generally consist of storm-sewer networks and man-made ponds for the collection disposal runoff, respectively. Due to expansion cities’ boundaries as a result population growth, capacity existing has been exhausted. Therefore, such overflow even during smaller (than design) return period floods. At same time, changing rainfall patterns flash floods due climate change are other phenomena that need appropriate...

In this study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the energy loss through hybrid defense system (HDS) in order dike, moat, and emergent vegetation steady subcritical flow conditions. The results HDS compared with single (SDS) comprising only (OV). dimensions dike kept constant while two different shapes (trapezoidal rectangular) moat considered. impacts variable thickness density investigated. Two combinations investigated including combination (DV) (DMV)....

Countries in arid regions are presently facing challenges managing their limited water resources. Assessing the evaporation losses from various sources of is a daunting task that inevitable for sustainability resource management schemes these regions. Although several techniques available simulating rates, identifying parameters equations still needs to be further investigated. The main goal this research was develop framework determining influencing rate pans. Four different equations,...

Participatory irrigation management is gradually being introduced in the canal system Pakistan. In this study, performance of a participatory compared with that conventional centrally controlled system. The study carried out for systems Lower Chenab and Jhelum, both located Punjab, indicators used included: establishment cost, operation maintenance water fees (abiana) collected equity distribution. data assessment were from various sources, including field measurements, interviews farmers,...