We propose a new metric to quantify the correlation between any two earthquakes. The consists of product involving time interval and spatial distance events, as well magnitude first one. According this metric, events typically are strongly correlated only one or few preceding ones. Thus classification foreshocks, main shocks aftershocks emerges automatically without imposing predefined space-time windows. To construct network, each earthquake receives an incoming link from its most...

A generalized fluctuation-response relation is found for thermal systems driven out of equilibrium. Its derivation independent many details the dynamics, which only required to be first order. The result gives a correction equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem, in terms correlation between observable and excess dynamical activity caused by perturbation. Previous approaches this problem are recovered extended unifying scheme.

Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility, dissipation, and efficiency energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its measurement at nanoscale remains challenging. We introduce a variance sum rule (VSR) for displacement force variances that permits us to measure entropy rate σ in steady states. first illustrate it directly measurable forces, such as an active Brownian particle optical trap. then apply VSR flickering experiments human...

The unique fluctuation–dissipation theorem for equilibrium stands in contrast with the wide variety of nonequilibrium linear response formulae. Their most traditional approach is 'analytic', which, absence detailed balance, introduces logarithm stationary probability density as observable. theory dynamical systems offers an alternative a formula that continues to work even when distribution not smooth. We show this method works equally well stochastic dynamics, and we illustrate it numerical...

Applying a simple general procedure for identifying aftershocks, we investigate their statistical properties high‐resolution earthquake catalog covering Southern California. We compare our results with those obtained by using other methods in order to show which features truly characterize aftershock sequences and depend on the definition of aftershocks. Features robust across include p value Omori‐Utsu law large main shocks, Båth's law, productivity an exponent smaller than b...

We investigate the validity of a proposed generalized Omori–Utsu law for aftershock sequences Landers, Hector Mine, Northridge and Superstition Hills earthquakes, four largest events in southern California catalogue we analyse. This unifies three most prominent empirical laws statistical seismology—the Gutenberg–Richter law, version Båth's law—in formula casting parameters as function lower magnitude cutoff mc aftershocks considered. By applying recently established general procedure...

Observing stochastic trajectories with rare transitions between states, practically undetectable on time scales accessible to experiments, makes it impossible directly quantify the entropy production and thus infer whether how far systems are from equilibrium. To solve this issue for Markovian jump dynamics, we show a lower bound that outperforms any other estimation of (including Bayesian approaches) in regimes lacking data due strong irreversibility state transitions. Moreover, limit...

A sequence of bursts observed in an intermittent time series may be caused by a single avalanche, even though these appear as distinct events when noise and/or instrument resolution impose detection threshold. In the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile, statistics quiet times between switches from Poissonian to scale invariant on raising threshold for detecting instantaneous activity, since each zero-threshold avalanche breaks into hierarchy correlated bursts. Calibrating model with GOES data,...

Introducing thresholds to analyze time series of emission from the Sun enables a new and simple definition solar flare events their interoccurrence times. Rescaling by rate events, waiting quiet distributions both conform scaling functions that are independent intensity threshold over wide range. The well-described two-parameter function, with parameters depend on phase cycle. For flares identified according current, standard definition, similar behavior is found.

The folding of a protein towards its native state is rather complicated process. However there are empirical evidences that the time correlates with contact order, simple measure spatial organisation protein. Contact order related to average length main chain loops formed by amino acids which in contact. Here we argue kinetics can be influenced also entanglement may undergo within overall three dimensional structure. In explore such possibility, introduce novel descriptor, call "maximum...

In many important systems exhibiting crackling noise-an intermittent avalanchelike relaxation response with power-law and, thus, self-similar distributed event sizes-the "laws" for the rate of activity after large events are not consistent overall behavior expected on theoretical grounds. This is particularly true case seismicity, and a satisfying solution to this paradox has remained outstanding. Here, we propose generalized description aftershock rates which both all other known features....

Relative fluctuations of observables in discrete stochastic systems are bounded at all times by the mean dynamical activity system, quantified number jumps. This constitutes a kinetic uncertainty relation that is fundamentally different from thermodynamic recently discussed literature. The constraint more relevant close to equilibrium while limiting factor precision regimes far equilibrium. visualized for paradigmatic simple and with an example molecular motor dynamics. Our approach based on...

Proteins must fold quickly to acquire their biologically functional three-dimensional native structures. Hence, these are mainly stabilized by local contacts, while intricate topologies such as knots rare. Here, we reveal the existence of specific patterns adopted protein sequences and structures deal with backbone self-entanglement. A large scale analysis Protein Data Bank shows that loops significantly intertwined another chain portion typically closed weakly bound amino acids. Why is this...

Abstract. We invoke a metric to quantify the correlation between any two earthquakes. This provides simple and straightforward alternative using space-time windows detect aftershock sequences obviates need distinguish main shocks from aftershocks. Directed networks of earthquakes are constructed by placing link, directed past future, pairs events that strongly correlated. Each link has weight giving relative strength such sum over incoming links node equals unity for aftershocks, or zero if...

Abstract The presence of knots has been observed in a small fraction single-domain proteins and related to their thermodynamic kinetic properties. exchanging identical structural elements, typical domain-swapped proteins, makes such dimers suitable candidates validate the possibility that mutual entanglement between chains may play similar role for protein complexes. We suggest is captured by linking number. This represents, two closed curves, number times each curve winds around other. show...

We use a relationship between response and correlation function in nonequilibrium systems to establish connection the heat production deviations from equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem. This scheme extends Harada-Sasa formulation [Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 130602 (2005)], obtained for Langevin equations steady states, as it also holds transient regimes discrete jump processes involving small entropic changes. Moreover, general includes two times new concepts of two-time work, kinetic...

In this study, we tested and compared radiomics deep learning-based approaches on the public LUNG1 dataset, for prediction of 2-year overall survival (OS) in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Radiomic features were extracted from gross tumor volume using Pyradiomics, while bi-dimensional slices by convolutional autoencoder. Both radiomic fed to 24 different pipelines formed combination four feature selection/reduction methods six classifiers. Direct classification through neural networks...

Purpose Artworks made of hygroscopic materials, like wooden panel paintings, are susceptible to environmental conditions. Traditional paintings typically consist a coated with layers gesso, paint and varnish. Due fluctuations, the gesso layer wood may respond differently moisture changes, triggering potential fractures. The investigation such phenomena is high interest, but it still scarcely studied by engineers. Design/methodology/approach proposed study aimed create simplified 3D finite...

Hopfield’s associative memory model and Hinton’s Boltzmann machines showcase the importance of simplicity interpretability in AI. Their work urges modern AI to balance power with transparency, ensuring models remain comprehensible for research, education, broader applications.

By performing Monte Carlo sampling of $N$-steps self-avoiding polygons embedded on different Bravais lattices we explore the robustness universality in entropic, metric and geometrical properties knotted polymer rings. In particular, by simulating with $N$ up to $10^5$ furnish a sharp estimate asymptotic values knot probability ratios show their independence lattice type. This universal feature was previously suggested although estimates values. addition that scaling behavior mean squared...

The microclimate in which historical buildings and objects are placed strongly influences the mechanical decay properties of constituent materials, especially if they susceptible to fluctuations temperature (T) relative humidity (RH). For this reason, work, attention is focused on indoor an historic building completely made Scots pine wood: Ringebu Church (Norway). In particular, RH church has been analyzed by means European Standard EN15757, establishes guidelines assessing whether risky...

We consider a particle dragged through medium at constant temperature as described by Langevin equation with time-dependent potential. The time dependence is specified an external protocol. give conditions on potential and protocol under which the fluctuations of dissipative work satisfy exact symmetry for all times. also present counterexamples to that fluctuation theorem when our are not satisfied. Finally, we dissipated heat, differs from temporal boundary term. explain why there...

An analysis of extensive simulations interacting self-avoiding polygons on cubic lattice shows that the frequencies different knots realized in a random, collapsed polymer ring decrease as negative power ranking order, and suggests total number grows exponentially with chain length. Relative specific converge to definite values because free energy per monomer, its leading finite size corrections, do not depend topology, while subleading correction only depends crossing knots.