The sliceable optical transponder, which can transmit/receive multiple flows, was recently proposed to improve a transponder’s flexibility. upper-layer traffic be offloaded onto an layer with “just-enough transponder” resources. Traffic grooming evolves as the transponder shifts from fixed sliceable. “Optical-layer grooming” enabled by reduce number of power-consumption components (e.g., IP ports and transponders). In this paper, energy-efficient in...

Optical network security is attracting increasing research attention, as loss of confidentiality data transferred through an optical could impact a huge number users and services. Data encryption effective way to enhance security. In particular, QKD being investigated secure mechanism provide keys for at the endpoints network. QKD-enabled network, apart from TDChs, two additional channels, called QSChs PIChs, are required support key synchronization. How allocate resources QSChs, TDChs...

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a promising technology that provides proven unconditional security based on fundamentals of quantum physics, especially for point-to-point communications. It could be applied in large-scale optical networks long-distance key provisioning mainly by three relaying methods: quantum-repeater-based QKD, trusted-relay-based and measurement-device-independent QKD (MDI-QKD). However, still under study because the immature technologies such as preliminary memory. The...

Traffic grooming has evolved to present some new features in sliceable bandwidth-variable transponder enabled elastic optical networks (SBVT-EON). One of the is "optical traffic grooming," which multiple flows from/to different sources/destinations can be groomed onto a transponder. When establishing connection request SBVT-EON, key problem how coordinate electrical and grooming. In this study, we propose three-layered auxiliary graph (AG) model address mixed-electrical-optical under dynamic...

Software-defined optical networking (SDON) will become the next generation network architecture. However, layer and control of SDON are vulnerable to cyberattacks. While, data encryption is an effective method minimize negative effects cyberattacks, secure key interchange its major challenge which can be addressed by quantum distribution (QKD) technique. Hence, in this paper we discuss integration QKD with WDM networks architecture introducing a novel on demand (KoD) scheme enabled routing,...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) networking over wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network infrastructure provides a new paradigm for secure communications across the networks. With limited wavelength resources in existing WDM networks, how to efficiently schedule QKD provision sufficient secret keys networks becomes challenge. This study proposes time-scheduled scheme combination with quantum pool (QKP) technique overcome this A architecture of QKD-over-WDM is presented, which QKPs are...

Achievable capacity of optical fiber is approaching its physical limitation in frequency domain. Space division multiplexing (SDM) technology can scale the network using multi-core and multi-mode fiber. In order to provide high-speed transmission services with fine granularities, SDM enabled elastic networks (SDM-EONs) become a promising candidate future transport networks. However, since spectrum status SDM-EONs becomes more complex introduction spatial dimension, issue fragmentation will...

In the Internet Age, optical networks are vulnerable to numerous cyberattacks, and conventional key distribution methods suffer from increased computational power. QKD can distribute information-theoretically secure secret keys between two parties based on principles of quantum mechanics. Integrating into leverage existing fiber infrastructures with wavelength division multiplexing for practical deployment keys, accordingly employ optical-layer security enhancement. Then, how efficiently...

This paper proposes a novel Spectrum Compactness based Defragmentation scheme to maximize the profitability of defragmentation. Numerical simulation shows that there exists an optimum load region operate

The fifth generation of mobile communication is characterized by ultra-dense cellular networks, where massive small cells are deployed in hot spots to increase the network capacity. As a promising technology small-cell scenario, coordinated multipoint (CoMP) proposed improve cell-edge user throughput converting inter-cell interference into useful signals. In this paper, we study how reconfigurable fronthaul enabled optical networks can help CoMP service. According baseband unit (BBU) that...

Data transmission with optical fiber is vulnerable to eavesdropping. Moreover, conventional key distribution technology suffers from increasing computational power and upgraded attack algorithms. To address these issues, quantum (QKD), a that secures secret information (such as cryptographic key) exchange between two parties, can be used guarantee secure data transmission. Integrating QKD into existing wavelength division multiplexing networks has been verified through series of experiments,...

Optical WDM backbone networks based on fixed spectrum grid have limitations such as low utilization and rigidity in provisioning for heterogeneous rates. Flexible-grid technologies can alleviate these on-demand provisioning. These represent promising candidates future optical supporting beyond-100-Gb/s signals. However, a one-time green-field deployment of flexible-grid may not be practical, the already-made investment existing fixed-grid needs to preserved, interruptions ongoing services...

Space division multiplexing enabled elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs) with multi-core fiber (MCF) have become a promising candidate for future transport networks, due to their high capacity and flexibility. Meanwhile, driven by the development of cloud computing data centers, more types requests are allowed in i.e., usual immediate reservation (IR) requests, which need be served immediately, advance (AR) support initial-delay tolerance services. However, introduction AR spectrum fragments...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) uses the laws of quantum mechanics to distribute secret keys with information-theoretic security. To realize QKD for secure communications among multiple distant users, fiber-based networks can be deployed today's available technologies. Incorporating into existing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) network infrastructure provides a practical way reduce difficulty and cost networking. Nonetheless, costs nodes links are still considered as major barriers...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has attracted much attention on secure communications across global networks. QKD over satellite networks can overcome the limitations of terrestrial optical networks, such as large attenuation long distance fiber channel and difficulty intercontinental domain communications. Different (around world) intercommunicate through quantum satellites, leading to a network in near future. This raises new resource allocation management problem involving multiple layers...

With the growing popularity of 5G mobile communications, cloud and fog computing, 4K video streaming, etc., population distribution migration have increasing influence on traffic in metro elastic optical networks (EONs). Traffic is further diversified according to people's tendency use network services different places at times. We term "tidal traffic" represent with strong disequilibrium time space dimensions. Note that tidal can potentially result low bandwidth utilization weak service...

With its information-theoretic security, quantum-key-distribution-enabled optical networks (QKD-ON) have become a promising candidate for future networks. The concept of quantum key pool (QKP) was introduced to offer an effective strategy storing keys. However, with the loss on theoretical security due these keys, balancing storage keys and requirements QKD-ONs poses major challenge in their practical deployments. Hence, this paper quasi-real-time provisioning (QRT-KP) is address tradeoff...

Datacenter networks (DCNs) with cloud–edge collaboration are emerging to satisfy the communication, computation, and caching (3C) requirements of future services such as cloud-based IoT services. However, enroute data over DCNs is likely suffer from cyberattacks eavesdropping. A large number require not only 3C resources, but also cryptographic resources for encryption ensure high security. Quantum key distribution (QKD) a practical approach provide secret keys remote users...

Due to the prominent performance on networking virtualization and programmability, OpenFlow is widely regarded as a promising control plane technology in packet-switched IP networks well wavelength-switched optical networks. For purpose of applying software programmable feature future networks, we propose an OpenFlow-based Flexi-Grid Experimental results demonstrate its feasibility dynamic lightpath establishment adjustment via extended protocol. Wireshark captures signaling procedure are...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is considered a secure solution for and applied in optical networks to overcome security issues by providing services different lightpaths. In networks, lightpaths fibers can be used the delivery of QKD due their good transmission performance. Accordingly, secured have been regarded as an important paradigm, survivability this paradigm issue worthy study. paper, we focus on protection schemes QKD. Specifically, consistency with two characteristics (i.e.,...

Quantum key distribution (QKD) holds the potential of providing long-term integrity and confidentiality for data communications. Currently, many fiber-based QKD systems have been commercialized several networks deployed. Given high cost complexity network deployment, as a service (QaaS) becomes promising pattern future networks. The QaaS concept is that multiple users can apply services to obtain their required secret-key rates (SKRs) from same infrastructure instead deploying dedicated...

Due to the development of broadband access technologies including FTTx and 5G, traffic in metro core networks is forecasted be more dynamic. To support this dynamicity, flex-grid elastic optical (EONs) have started become prolific over past few years. During migration from legacy fixed-grid wavelength division multiplexing EONs, a transition technology called fixed/flex-grid network has popular. In such networks, energy consumption caused by serious capacity mismatch between variable IP...