Microstructures of front-side Ag contact crystalline Si solar cells fired at temperatures from below to above optimal were systematically investigated using advanced electron microscopy. pastes studied included commercial and an experimental paste containing nano-sized metallic Zn additive. optimally determined cross-sectional top-view images found be consistent with a primary tunneling mechanism for current flow (a “nano-Ag colloids assisted tunneling” model) due the lack crystallites...

Pretreatment is an essential process for the extensive utilization of lignocellulose materials. The effect four common organic acid pretreatments Kraft dissolving pulp production was comparatively investigated. It found that under acidic conditions, hemicellulose can be effectively removed and more reducing sugars recovered. During acetic pretreatment, lignin dissolved in could form a lignin-related film which would alleviate cellulose hydrolysis, while other acids caused severe degradation....

As a heavy rare earth oxide, erbium oxide (Er2O3) has many attractive properties. Monoclinic Er2O3 useful properties not found in stable cubic Er2O3, such as unique optical and high radiation damage tolerance. In this study, coating with mixed phases were prepared. The Raman scattering spectra of these coatings investigated by using confocal micro-Raman spectrometer equipped 325, 473, 514, 532, 633, 784 nm lasers. A total 17 first-order modes monoclinic identified assigned. at 83, 112, 152,...

The effect of the addition cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) on properties cement pastes is studied herein. compressive strength CNC/cement paste was investigated under curing conditions defined in this study. Two-dimensional micrographs and pore size distributions were obtained by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray computed tomography (XCT), nitrogen adsorption. CNCs found to significantly enhance mechanical with a rapid decrease temperature humidity. XCT adsorption analyses show that leads...

To improve the production efficiency in pulp and paper industry, chemical composition of wood species has to be measured real-time, especially holocellulose acid insoluble lignin contents. Near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, as a promising rapid on-line technology, is an attractive tool determine contents wood. Due high complexity nonlinearity spectra wood, it significant select suitable chemometric methods. In this study, order eliminate noise irrelevant information original collected by...

Recently, high efficiency n-type crystalline Si cells made with the screen printed Ag/Al metallization have received considerable attention. We report here our microstructural investigations of critical interfacial region between front-side contact and wafer fired under progressively higher temperatures. Our study revealed that key characteristic microstructures changed from one a large fraction residual SiNx, to consisting thin glass layer nano-Ag colloids, finally decorated Ag crystallites...

In order to reduce the time and cost for near infrared (NIR) model development maintenance, transfer of NIR spectra measured on four different portable spectrometers (one master three target instruments) predicting lignin content pulp wood is investigated in this work. Eighty-two samples were prepared by chipping grinding, their recorded with spectrometers. Calibration models determination have been developed partial least squares (PLS) regression, while average Mahalanobis distances (AMD)...

Abstract The potential of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with partial least-squares (PLS) regression was used to determine the moisture content and basic density poplar wood chips. NIR spectra collected from surface chips were develop calibration models for predication, various spectral preprocessing techniques applied improve accuracy robustness prediction models. tested using totally independent sample sets exhibited acceptable predictive performance (coefficient determination...

Model transfer techniques in near infrared spectroscopy are important to avoid repetitive modeling, reduce the human and material consumption required for modeling. The use of a method without standards model by screening stable consistent wavelength (SWCSS) is new strategy worth investigating. SWCSS-UVE combination algorithm proposed realize sharing analysis holocellulose lignin content three different spectroscopic instruments. UVE used adverse effect invalid SWCSS improve accuracy....

We investigated the quality of n+-p diffused junction beneath front-side Ag contact multicrystalline Si solar cells by characterizing uniformities electrostatic potential and doping concentration across using atomic force microscopy-based electrical imaging techniques scanning Kelvin probe microscopy capacitance microscopy. found that screen-printing metallization fired at over-fire temperature significantly degrades uniformity grid, whereas optimal- under-fire temperatures does not cause...

To meet the current demand in China for Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mangium mixed pulping, a study was conducted to collect near infrared (NIR) spectra of 150 samples E. A. which content manually controlled. After original were pretreated by first derivative standard normal variate (SNV), least absolute shrinkage selection operator (LASSO) algorithm cross-validation used calculate optimal adjustment parameters 14.30, 19.16, 12.10, 9.74, respectively. The calibration models globulus,...

This study investigated the feasibility of using nanofibrilliated celluloses (CNF) (0.1% by weight binder materials) with three oxidation degrees, no (NCNF), low (LCNF), and high (HCNF), as a viscosity-modifying agent (VMA) to develop polyethylene fiber (PE)-engineered cementitious composites (ECC). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential were performed characterize properties CNF different degrees. More stable...

Model transfer techniques in near infrared spectroscopy are important for avoiding duplicate modeling, sharing samples and data resources, reducing the human material consumption required modeling. Use of slope/bias correction algorithm (S/B) based on screening wavelengths with consistent stable signals (SWCSS) model is a new strategy. To enable analysis models pulp holocellulose lignin content two different types spectroscopic instruments, combined SWCSS-S/B was proposed. The between...