Leriche syndrome, or aortoiliac occlusive disease, is a rare but serious condition caused by occlusion of the distal aorta and/or iliac arteries. It classically presents with claudication, diminished pulses, and, in severe cases, critical limb ischemia. We report case 35-year-old man, chronic smoker, who presented an ulcerated and secondarily infected lesion on foot following trauma occurring 4 months prior. Clinical examination revealed absence bilateral femoral popliteal leg cramps,...

Abstract Background Pain constitutes the major non motor syndrome in Parkinson's disease ( PD ) and includes neuropathic pain; however current drug therapies used to alleviate it have only limited efficacy. This is probably due poor understanding of mechanisms underlying it. Aims We investigated a class trigeminal pain, dynamic mechanical allodynia DMA ), rat model which bilateral 6‐hydroxy dopamine (6‐ OHDA injection was administered produce lesion nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway....

Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are known to play a prominent role in the hair cell function of lower vertebrates where these determine electrical tuning and regulation neurotransmitter release. Very little is known, by contrast, about BK mammalian cochlea. In current study, we perfused specific toxins guinea pig cochlea characterize cochlear neurotransmission. Intracochlear perfusion charybdotoxin (ChTX) or iberiotoxin (IbTX) reversibly reduced compound action...

Trigeminal neuropathic pain affects millions of people worldwide. Despite decades study on the neuronal processing pain, mechanisms underlying enhanced states after injury remain unclear. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent changes play a critical role in triggering central sensitization pain. These receptors are regulated at glycine site through mandatory endogenous co-agonist D-serine, which is synthesized by astrocytes. Therefore, present was carried out to determine whether...

This study describes the developmental expression of three neurotrophins, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and (NT-4) in rat auditory brain-stem using immunohistochemistry. At postnatal day 0 (PND 0), neurotrophins was virtually absent from all nuclei brainstem, even though some positive neurons were observed mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus at this age. However, BDNF, NT-3 NT-4 most brainstem by PND 6. following stages, there a general increase intensity...

We previously demonstrated that inhibitory synaptic transmission influences dendrite development in vivo. now report an analogous finding organotypic culture of a glycinergic projection nucleus, the medial nucleus trapezoid body (MNTB), and its postsynaptic target, lateral superior olive (LSO) gerbils. Cultures were generated at 6–7 days postnatal grown serum containing medium with or without glycine receptor antagonist, strychnine (SN), 2 μM. LSO neurons then labeled biocytin, dendritic...

Abstract Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are known to contribute the regulation of free cytosolic calcium concentration. This family intracellular channels plays a significant role in calcium‐induced‐calcium‐release (CICR), and have been implicated calcium‐dependent processes requiring exquisite spatio‐temporal regulation. In order characterize importance these cochlear physiology, we perfused guinea pig cochlea with antagonistic concentrations ryanodine. The distortion products microphonic...

Dopamine is implicated in different orofacial pain-related diseases. The mechanisms underlying this invalidating pain are not yet understood. Therefore, the present study investigated if unilateral or bilateral lesions of medial forebrain bundle (MFB) could induce a trigeminal static mechanical allodynia (SMA) comparable to that obtained after chronic construction injury infraorbital nerve (CCI-IoN) rats.Unilateral and nigrostriatal were by injecting 6-hydroxydopamine into MFB, peripheral...

This study investigated mesencephalic dopamine depletion effects on static mechanical allodynia (SMA) elicited by chronic constriction of the infraorbitary nerve (CCI-IoN). Dopamine (6-OHDA administration into medial forebrain bundle) CCI-IoN-induced SMA were explored using behavioral (nocifensive behavior score upon non-noxious stimuli von Frey filament), pharmacological (bromocriptine injections) and immunohistochemical (PKCγ pERK1/2) techniques. The central increased significantly score....

Streptoccocus pneumoniae infection can result in local and systemic diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia meningitis. Sensorineural hearing loss associated with this is mediated by the release of an exotoxin, pneumolysin. The goal present study was to characterize mechanisms pneumolysin toxicity cochlear hair cells vitro. Pneumolysin induced severe damage cells, ranging from stereocilia disorganization total cell loss. Surprisingly, pneumolysin-induced death preferentially targeted inner...

The aim of this study was to determine whether postnatal mammalian central neurons retain the capacity for axonal regeneration across a lesion site in organotypic cultures auditory midbrain. Brain slices from gerbil inferior colliculus (IC) were obtained 6-8 d old animal and cultured 6-15 vitro. IC explants containing an intact commissural projection exhibited robust dendritic morphologies as assessed with biocytin labelling. In transected explants, two lobes cut at midline then reapposed...

To explore the possible relationship between protein kinase C gamma (PKCγ) and phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (pERK1/2) in rat medullary dorsal horn facial hypersensitivity indicative dynamic mechanical allodynia (DMA) following chronic constriction infraorbital nerve (CCI-IoN).A well-established model trigeminal neuropathic pain involving CCI-IoN was used. Facial tested with non-noxious stimulation (air-puff), examined immunohistochemically using PKCγ...

The goal of this study was to determine the distribution and diversity astrocytes oligodendrocytes within lateral superior olive gerbil. We used morphometric analyses several immunocytochemical markers assess differences in glial cell composition between (low-frequency projection) medial (high-frequency limb olive. Cell counts from Toluidine-stained semithin sections revealed a similar density total both limbs. However, based on cytologic features, there prevalence fibrous-like...

Severed axons of the inferior colliculus (IC) commissure can regenerate across a lesion in organotypic cultures from postnatal day (P) 6 gerbils, but this regenerative capacity is lost by P12 (Hafidi et al. [ 1995] J Neurosci 15:1298-1307, [1999] Neurobiol 41:267-280). In present study, we examined mechanisms underlying age-dependent failure to regenerate. P6-P12 heterochronic cultures, failed cross site and project contralateral P6 IC lobe. contrast, originating lobe could through invade To...

Abstract Rho GTPases proteins are essential for cytoskeletal reorganization and play important roles in the development of neuronal dendrites axons. Several studies have implicated two members GTPase family Rho‐A Rac1 activities polarization formation axons dendrites. In order to correlate cellular expressions with polarity (axons versus dendrite formation) central nervous system, cerebellum immunochemical techniques been chosen. adult cerebellar cortex differential pattern distribution...

Abstract The small protein otospiralin has initially been identified as an inner ear specific molecule. However, compelling evidence from high throughput sequencing projects suggested that is likely expressed in the central nervous system. Here, we tested this hypothesis using a combination of molecular biology, immunological, and histological techniques, found numerous regions system mouse. In situ hybridization immunohistochemistry revealed widely neuronal cell bodies glia. Ultrastructural...