To study the response profile of face-selective N170 component, an adaptation procedure was employed where adaptor and test stimuli were presented in rapid succession. Test came from 4 different face categories (upright, inverted, eyeless faces eyes-only images). The same stimuli, as well upright inverted houses, served adaptors. Strong amplitude reductions indicative found for all types preceded by adaptors relative to house adaptors, demonstrating that at a generic level, reflects...

The mechanisms underlying distension-evoked peristalsis in the colon are incompletely understood. It is well known that, following colonic distension, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) released from enterochromaffin (EC) cells intestinal mucosa. also that exogenous 5-HT can stimulate peristalsis. These observations have led some investigators to propose endogenous release EC might be involved initiation of peristalsis, distension. However, because no direct evidence exists support this hypothesis,...

In patients with irritable bowel syndrome, visceral pain is evoked more readily following distension of the colorectum. However, identity extrinsic afferent nerve pathway that detects and transmits from colorectum to spinal cord unclear. this study, we identified which pathway(s) underlies nociception rodents. Electromyogram recordings were made transverse oblique abdominal muscles in anesthetized wild type (C57BL/6) mice acute noxious intraluminal stimuli (100-120 mmHg) applied terminal 15...

Many animals use visual motion cues to track and pursue small, fast-moving targets, for instance, prey or conspecifics. In target-pursuing insects, including dragonflies hoverflies, Small Target Motion Detector (STMD) neurons are found in the optic lobes believed be presynaptic Selective Descending Neurons (TSDNs) that project motor command centres. While STMDs respond robustly target – even when displayed against moving backgrounds TSDN responses modulated by background motion. Depending on...

Non‐technical summary The endothelin‐3 (ET‐3) gene is essential for the development of enteric nervous system in gastrointestinal tract mammals, including humans and mice. Loss ET‐3 leads to formation an aganglionic colorectum impaired bowel function. Endogenous endothelin peptides their receptors also play a major role nociception variety organs species, humans. However, whether altered region unknown. We show that deficient mice, there loss from rectum, but not other visceral organs. This...

The patterns of motor activity that exist in isolated full-length human colon have not been described. Our aim was to characterize the spontaneous and determine whether these are different whole colons obtained from patients with slow-transit constipation (STC). entire (excluding anus), removed confirmed STC mounted longitudinally an organ bath ∼120 cm length, containing oxygenated Krebs' solution at 36°C. Changes circular muscle tension were recorded multiple sites simultaneously along...

For many animals, target motion carries high ecological significance as this may be generated by a predator, prey, or potential mate. Indeed, animals whose survival depends on early detection are often equipped with sharply tuned visual system, yielding robust performance in challenging conditions. example, fast-flying insects use cues for identifying targets, such prey (e.g., predatory dragonflies and robberflies) conspecifics nonpredatory hoverflies), can do so against self-generated...

Recent studies have shown that endogenous serotonin is not required for colonic peristalsis in vitro, nor gastrointestinal (GI) transit vivo. However, antagonists of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptors can inhibit and GI-transit mammals, including humans. This raises the question how these GI-motility transit, if depletion 5-HT does cause any significant inhibitory changes to either or ? We investigated mechanism by which 5-HT3 5-HT4 distension-evoked peristaltic contractions guinea-pig...

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they also a useful scientific model study motion vision and flight dynamics in controlled laboratory setting. As the larvae develop organically polluted water, models for investigating investment microbial immunity. While large scale commercial breeding agriculture already occurs, there no standardized protocols maintaining captive populations...

Background and Purpose There is increasing evidence suggesting that ROS play a major pathological role in bladder dysfunction induced by inflammation and/or obstruction. The aim of this study was to determine the effect H 2 O on different types afferents its mechanism action sensory neurons guinea pig bladder. Experimental Approach ‘Close‐to‐target’ single unit extracellular recordings were made from fine branches pelvic nerves entering bladder, flat sheet preparations, vitro. Key Results...

Abstract Background 5‐ HT 3 antagonists, such as ondansetron (Zofran), retard colonic transit and provide effective relief of symptoms chronic diarrhea diarrhea‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS ), but the mechanism by which retards is unclear. What clear that frequency migrating motor complexes CMMC s) reduced ondansetron, could account for transit. Our aim was to determine whether an acute depletion from enteric neurons would inhibit spontaneous s; sensitivity reduce change in a...

The neuronal mechanism by which distension of the colon triggers peristalsis and propulsion colonic contents is incompletely understood. In this study, we used video imaging spatiotemporal mapping techniques to investigate neuroneuronal mechanisms underlying in isolated guinea pig distal colon. direct contrast previous studies, found that hexamethonium (100 muM-1 mM) or mecamylamine (20 muM) never abolished fecal pellet propulsion, although a temporary blockade was common, giving impression...

Abstract Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. For example, flying insects must decide whether pursue a prey or not, avoid predator, maintain their current flight trajectory, land. The neural mechanisms underlying the computation of visual have been particularly well investigated in fly optic lobes. However, descending neurons, which connect lobes with motor command centers ventral nerve cord, remain less studied. To address this deficiency, we describe...

Significance Target detection in visual clutter is a difficult computational task that insects, with their poor spatial resolution compound eyes and small brains, do successfully extremely short behavioral delays. We here show the responses of target selective descending neurons are attenuated by background motion same direction as but facilitated opposite direction. This finding important for understanding how pursuit can occur tandem gaze stabilization. Indeed, neural facilitation would...

Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. Predatory animals, for example, show an exquisite ability detect rapidly moving prey, followed by pursuit and capture. Such target detection is not only used predators but also important in conspecific interactions, such as male hoverflies defending their territories against intruders. Visual believed be subserved specialized target-tuned neurons found a range of species, including vertebrates arthropods. However, how...

A general principle of sensory systems is that they adapt to prolonged stimulation by reducing their response over time. Indeed, in many visual systems, including higher-order motion sensitive neurons the fly optic lobes and mammalian cortex, a reduction neural activity following occurs. In contrast this phenomenon, motor system controlling flight maneuvers persists offset motion. It has been suggested gap caused lingering calcium signal output synapses lobe neurons. However, whether...

Neural mechanisms of lower urinary tract symptoms in obstruction-induced bladder overactivity remain unclear. We made the first single unit recordings from different types spinal afferents to determine effects outlet obstruction guinea pigs. A model gradual male pigs was used produce overactive bladder. Conscious voiding assessed metabolic cages, and micturition recorded anesthetized vivo. Single extracellular were ex vivo afferent nerves flat sheet preparations Guinea with partially...

The functional role of the different classes visceral afferents that innervate large intestine is poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests low-threshold, wide-dynamic-range rectal play an important in detection and transmission pain induced by noxious colorectal distension mice. However, it not clear which spinal are activated during naturally occurring colonic motor patterns or intense contractions gut smooth muscle. We developed vitro colorectum preparation to test how major spontaneous...

Abstract Responding rapidly to visual stimuli is fundamental for many animals. For example, predatory birds and insects alike have amazing target detection abilities, with incredibly short neural behavioral delays, enabling efficient prey capture. Similarly, looming objects need be avoided ensure immediate survival, as these could represent approaching predators. Male Eristalis tenax hoverflies are nonpredatory, highly territorial that perform high-speed pursuits of conspecifics other...

With an estimated 6000 species worldwide, hoverflies are ecologically important as alternative pollinators to domesticated honeybees. However, they also a useful scientific model study motion vision and flight dynamics in controlled laboratory setting. As the larvae develop organically polluted water, models for investigating investment microbial immunity. While large scale commercial breeding agriculture already occurs, there no standardized protocols maintaining captive populations...

Abstract Many animals use motion vision information to control dynamic behaviors. Predatory animals, for example, show an exquisite ability detect rapidly moving prey followed by pursuit and capture. Such target detection is not only used predators but can also play important role in conspecific interactions. Male hoverflies ( Eristalis tenax ), vigorously defend their territories against intruders. Visual believed be subserved specialized tuned neurons that are found a range of species,...

Abstract Hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) are cosmopolitan, generalist flower visitors and among the most important pollinators after bees bumblebees. The dronefly Eristalis tenax can be found in temperate continental climates across globe, often synanthropically. pupae of different generations climate zones thus exposed to vastly temperatures. In many insects, ambient temperature during pupal stage affects development, adult size, survival; however, effect developmental on these traits...

ABSTRACT When animals move through the world, their own movements generate widefield optic flow across eyes. In insects, such motion is encoded by lobe neurons. These lobula plate tangential cells (LPTCs) synapse with flow-sensitive descending neurons, which in turn project to areas that control neck, wing and leg movements. As neurons play a role sensorimotor transformation, it important understand spatio-temporal response properties. Recent work shows relatively fast efficient way quantify...