Abstract By analyzing 22 years (1993–2015) of daily eddy data, statistics surface properties were refreshed in the South China Sea. More than 7,000 historical Argo profiles collocated into eddy‐centered coordinates to reveal composite mean three‐dimensional structure eddies. The results indicate that eddies both polarities have long conical shape, with a maximum (minimum) density anomaly 0.55 kg/m 3 (−0.51 ) at 60 m (90 m) cyclonic (anticyclonic) eddy. Temperature and salinity anomalies also...

Abstract Marine heatwaves are becoming a severe challenge for marine ecosystems. However, current understanding of their impacts on phytoplankton, especially biomass and community structure, is still deficient or fragmentary. Here, we focus the response phytoplankton to prolonged (372 d) heatwave in southeastern tropical Indian Ocean 2015–2016. Despite similar surface warming throughout heatwave, found two distinctively different changes chlorophyll (Chl ) concentration, based which was...

Abstract Global climate change and human activities have important effects on the water discharge sediment load of Pearl River. In this study, were investigated by using hydro-meteorological data from 1954 to 2018. The linear regression, Mann–Kendall abrupt test double mass curve employed detect trends change-points in quantify load. results revealed that annual exhibited a significant decreasing trend at rate − 2.24 × 10 4 t/year, regardless discharge, an occurred 1998. Human activities,...

Abstract The western South China Sea (WSCS) exhibits intense mesoscale eddy activity, especially in summer. However, the influence of eddies on regional ecosystems is not well understood. By analyzing historical situ observations, satellite‐derived near‐surface chlorophyll (CHL) data and data, we investigated composite response CHL to WSCS. results show that decrease WSCS nearly half this attributed activity anticyclonic during summer when they are much more energetic than cyclonic eddies. A...

Oceanic submesoscale processes are believed to play a pivotal role in influencing phytoplankton growth and distribution, essentially oceanic primary productivity carbon cycling. However, our understanding of how respond these dynamics remains fragmentary. Here, by combining surface drifter data satellite observations, we show rich geographic variability the response ageostrophic events over global ocean. Substantial biomass chlorophyll (Chl) enrichments observed during mid-high latitude...

Extreme ocean temperature events are becoming increasingly common due to global warming, causing catastrophic ecological and socioeconomic impacts

Abstract Satellite observations show higher near‐surface phytoplankton chlorophyll (Chl) in anticyclonic eddies (AEs) than cyclonic (CEs) the subtropical gyres, which is opposite to prevailing features midlatitude oceans. Recent studies have attributed this anomalous effect solely changes biomass, therefore reached a conclusion that AEs are more productive CEs, contrary conventional eddy pumping paradigm. Here, we Chl variations due mainly physiological adjustments instead. The high mostly...

Abstract Eddy‐induced salt transport is essential in maintaining the oceanic salinity balance and global climate. However, paucity of situ measurements poses challenges obtaining spatial structure eddy globally. Here, we conduct a estimation eddy‐induced anomalies by movement using 2 million historical hydrographic profile satellite‐based observations spanning from 1993 to 2019. The results demonstrate rich geographic vertical variability induced eddies across ocean. Vertical sign switches...

Abstract Mesoscale eddies have been widely documented for their significant role in regulating oceanic heat absorption and redistribution. However, our understanding of thermal impacts on a global scale has hampered by the scarcity eddy-targeted observations. Here, we perform comprehensive analysis over 2 million historical hydrographic profile measurements collocated with satellite-based eddy observations between 1993 2019, revealing rich geographical variability intensity, vertical extent,...

As a major sink of anthropogenic heat and carbon, the Southern Ocean experienced pronounced warming with increasing extreme temperature events over past decades. Mesoscale eddies that strongly influence uptake, redistribution, storage in ocean are expected to play important roles these changes, yet observational evidence remains limited. Here, we employ comprehensive analysis 500,000 historical hydrographic profile measurements combined satellite-based eddy observations show enhanced thermal...

The evolution of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China in recent decades has been dominated by human activities. Historical admiralty charts and remote sensing images indicated that from 1936 to 2017, tidal flat area water decreased 23.6 × 107 m2 60.7 m2, respectively. average advancing rate coastline PRE sea 1972 2017 reached approximately 64.8 m/year, which is several times or even dozens since mid-Holocene. Land reclamation was main reason for dramatic changes coastline. Although volume...

Abstract Marine heatwaves (MHWs) have emerged as a recurrent phenomenon in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) since 2013, with significant ecological and economic consequences. However, our understanding of impacts these events on phytoplankton, primary producers marine food web, remains incomplete. In this study, we elucidated phytoplankton responses during MHWs NEP between 1998 2022 revealed contrasting chlorophyll anomalies north south Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF). Specifically,...

The phytoplankton size structure exerts a significant influence on ecological processes and biogeochemical cycles. In this study, the interannual variations in remotely sensed southern Tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) underlying physical mechanisms were investigated. Significant fluctuations occur southeastern TIO central are very sensitive to Dipole (IOD) events. During positive IOD events, southeast wind anomalies reinforce coastal upwelling off of Java Sumatra, leading shift toward larger TIO....

Marine heatwaves have attracted great attention for their devastating impacts on marine organisms. However, the influence of phytoplankton community structure, a key aspect pelagic ecosystems, remains elusive, especially in biologically productive eastern boundary upwelling systems. Here, using combination multi-satellite observations and model outputs, we discover that these systems exhibit not only marked reduction biomass (~50%), but also significant shift toward smaller species...

Abstract Mesoscale ocean eddies, which typically exhibit different heat and atmospheric conditions to their surroundings, significantly affect the path intensity of tropical cyclones (TCs). By analyzing 27 years (1993–2019) eddy TC data, here we show that mesoscale eddies also play non‐negligible roles in genesis TCs (TCG). During off‐season months December May, generating over anticyclone (AEs) clearly outnumber those cyclone (CEs) (14 vs. 6) western North Pacific, featuring a further north...

The instrument used for ocean colour remote-sensing works in the visible wavelengths, and presence of clouds frequently lead to invalid observations. formation is known be influenced by mesoscale oceanic processes (e.g., eddies temperature fronts), but these influences are often overlooked missing data reconstructions. By analysing more than 10 years chlorophyll-a (chl-a) images from satellite observations, we found an area with persistent Eastern China Sea during winter. This stretches 123°...