At times, people keep their emotions from showing during social interactions. The authors' analysis suggests that such expressive suppression should disrupt communication and increase stress levels. To test this hypothesis, the authors conducted 2 studies in which unacquainted pairs of women discussed an upsetting topic. In Study 1, one member each pair was randomly assigned to (a) suppress her emotional behavior, (b) respond naturally, or (c) cognitively reappraise a way reduced responding....

Does personality change across the entire life course, and are those changes due to intrinsic maturation or major experiences? This longitudinal study investigated in mean levels rank order of Big Five traits a heterogeneous sample 14,718 Germans all adulthood. Latent latent moderated regression models provided 4 main findings: First, age had complex curvilinear influence on personality. Second, rank-order stability Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness followed an...

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) was adapted to measure anxiety by assessing associations of self (vs. other) with anxiety-related calmness-related) words. Study 1 showed that the IAT-Anxiety exhibited good internal consistency and adequate stability. 2 revealed unaffected a faking instruction. 3 examined predictive validity implicit explicit measures related changes in experimenter-rated performance decrements after failure. 4 found several behavioral indicators during stressful speech...

On the basis of a realistic behavioral approach, authors showed that narcissists are popular at zero acquaintance and aimed to explain why this is case. In Study 1, group psychology freshmen (N = 73) judged each other on brief self-introductions using large round-robin design (2,628 dyads). Three main findings were revealed: First, narcissism leads popularity first sight. Second, aspects most maladaptive in long run (exploitativeness/entitlement) proved be attractive acquaintance. Third, an...

The authors present a behavioral process model of personality that specifies explicit and implicit aspects the self-concept as predictors actual behavior. An extensive study (N = 130) including variety relevant social situations was conducted. This approach allowed reliable measurement more than 50 indicators. A priori assignment indicators to Big Five dimensions conducted on basis theory expert ratings. In line with authors' model, 3 main findings were revealed: First, direct measures...

Does being from a higher social class lead person to engage in more or less prosocial behavior? Psychological research has recently provided support for negative effect of on behavior. However, outside the field psychology mainly found evidence positive u-shaped relations. In present research, we therefore thoroughly examined Moreover, analyzed whether this was moderated by kind observed behavior, country, and measure class. Across eight studies with large representative international...

Different theoretical conceptualizations characterize grandiose narcissists by high, yet fragile self-esteem. Empirical evidence, however, has been inconsistent, particularly regarding the relationship between narcissism and self-esteem fragility (i.e., variability). Here, we aim at unraveling this inconsistency disentangling effects of two theoretically distinct facets admiration rivalry) on aspects state level We report data from a laboratory-based field-based studies (total N = 596) in...

Video gaming is an extremely popular leisure-time activity with more than two billion users worldwide (Newzoo, 2017). However, the media as well professionals have underscored potential dangers of excessive video gaming. With present research, we aimed to shed light on relation between and gamers' psychological functioning. Questionnaires personality health habits were administered 2,734 individuals (2,377 male, 357 female, M age = 23.06, SD 5.91). Results revealed a medium-sized negative...

In these studies, the correlates of spontaneously using expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal during stressful speeches were examined. Spontaneous emotion regulation means that there no instructions how to regulate emotions speech. Instead, participants indicated after speech what extent they used self-motivated or task. The results show is associated with less anxiety expression, greater physiological responding, memory for while having impact on negative affect. contrast, has...

Engaging in online games has become increasingly important as a part of leisure activity adolescents and adults. While the majority people use these healthy way, epidemiological studies show that some develop excessive symptoms are related to those substance-related addictions. Despite increasing research concerning epidemiology internet gaming disorder (IGD), predisposing factors have been examined lesser extent. Knowing about specific risk would help clarify nosological features IGD...

Previous studies on self-esteem development show substantial changes as well interindividual differences in change from adolescence to young adulthood. However, the processes underlying these developmental trajectories are still not understood. The aim of present study was shed light macro- and microprocesses development. We investigated a sample 876 German high school students (M = 16.0 years at Time 1) participating an international exchange year. Exchange provided 3 waves trait data...

Based on a new theoretical framework—the Social Relations Lens Model—this study examined the influence of personality real–life attraction at zero acquaintance. A group psychology freshmen ( N = 73) was investigated upon encountering one another for first time. Personality traits, ratings and metaperceptions were assessed using large round–robin design (2628 dyads). In line with our model, differentially predicted who liker expected to be liked (perceiver effects), popular seen as (target...

Significance The question of whether a person’s position among siblings has lasting impact on that life course fascinated both the scientific community and general public for >100 years. By combining large datasets from three national panels, we confirmed effect firstborns score higher objectively measured intelligence additionally found similar self-reported intellect. However, no birth-order effects extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, or imagination....

Perceived control is an important variable for various demands involved in successful aging. However, perceived not set stone but rather changes throughout the life course. The aim of this study was to identify cross-sectional age differences and longitudinal mean-level as well rank-order with respect gender education. Furthermore, income health were analyzed explain trajectories control. In a large representative sample Germans across all adulthood, 9,484 individuals gave information about...

This study investigated the internal consistencies and temporal stabilities of different implicit self–esteem measures. Participants ( N = 101) responded twice—with a time lag 4 weeks—to five tasks: Implicit Association Test (IAT), Brief (BIAT), Affective Priming Task (APT), Identification–Extrinsic Simon (ID–EAST) Name–Letter (NLT). As expected, highest reliability coefficients were obtained for IAT. Importantly, APT, ID–EAST, NLT substantially improved by using material, structural,...

The idea that birth-order position has a lasting impact on personality been discussed for the past 100 years. Recent large-scale studies have indicated effects Big Five traits are negligible. In current study, we examined variety of more narrow in large representative sample ( n = 6,500–10,500 between-family analyses; 900–1,200 within-family analyses). We used specification-curve analysis to assess evidence across range models implementing defensible yet arbitrary analytical decisions (e.g.,...

Alterations in the perception of body signals (i.e., interoceptive awareness [IA]) are considered crucial for development and maintenance somatoform disorders (SFDs). However, competing theories come to different conclusions about whether IA is increased or decreased SFDs. The present study investigated 23 patients with SFDs (as defined by Diagnostic Statistical Manual Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition) 27 healthy controls. was reliably assessed two well-established heartbeat paradigms...

An integrative framework for the examination of self-other agreement personality judgments at zero acquaintance is outlined that integrates dualistic approaches to personality, behavior, and within Brunswikian (1956) lens model. The dual model (DLM) distinguishes between explicit implicit self-concepts controlled automatic cues, deliberate intuitive judgments. In a first application DLM, targets (N = 56) were videotaped during short self-introductions, direct indirect measures extraversion...

Abstract. Explicit personality measures assess introspectively accessible self-descriptions. In contrast, implicit inaccessible processes that operate outside awareness. However, for both kinds of trait measures, the effect situation in which assessment takes place should be as small possible. The present study aims at quantifying possible systematic occasion-specific effects on (Implicit Association Test) and explicit (self-report ratings) extraversion anxiety by means a latent state-trait...