The calculation and use of effect sizes—such as d for mean differences r correlations—has increased dramatically in second language (L2) research the last decade. Interpretations these effects, however, have been rare and, when present, largely defaulted to Cohen's levels small ( = .2, .1), medium (.5, .3), large (.8, .5), which were never intended prescriptions but rather a general guide. As Cohen himself many others argued, sizes are best understood interpreted within particular discipline...

Abstract Second language (L2) anxiety has been the object of constant empirical and theoretical attention for several decades. As a matter both practical interest, much research in this domain examined relationship between L2 achievement. The present study meta-analyzes body research. Following comprehensive search, sample 97 reports were identified, contributing total 105 independent samples ( N = 19,933) from 23 countries. In aggregate, 216 effect sizes (i.e., correlations) reported...

The goal of this study was to determine the overall effects pronunciation instruction (PI) as well sources and extent variance in observed effects. Toward end, a comprehensive search for primary studies conducted, yielding 86 unique reports testing PI. Each then coded on substantive methodological features outcomes (Cohen’s d ). Aggregated results showed generally large effect PI ( = 0.89 0.80 N -weighted within- between-group contrasts, respectively). In addition, moderator analyses...

Research on the effects of second language strategy instruction (SI) has been extensive yet inconclusive. This meta‐analysis, therefore, aims to provide a reliable, quantitative measure effect SI as well description relationship between and variables that moderate its effectiveness (i.e., different learning contexts, treatments, outcome variables). A comprehensive search was conducted collect population studies. Effect sizes were calculated for 61 primary studies, contributing total 95...

As a personality trait, ‘grit’ has been defined as combination of perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Past research in social psychology found grit an important predictor success across different populations various academic non-academic areas. Since successful mastery second language (L2) is highly dependent on learners’ sustained effort, the notion its relationship to achievement gains immediate relevance acquisition (SLA). The present study introduces examines with motivational...

This study assesses research and reporting practices in quantitative second language (L2) research. A sample of 606 primary studies, published from 1990 to 2010 Language Learning Studies Second Acquisition , was collected coded for designs, statistical analyses, practices, outcomes (i.e., effect sizes). The results point several systematic strengths as well many flaws, such a lack control experimental incomplete inconsistent low power. I discuss these trends, strengths, weaknesses comparison...

This article constitutes the first empirical assessment of methodological quality in second language acquisition (SLA). We surveyed a corpus 174 studies ( N = 7,951) within tradition research on second‐language interaction, one longest and most influential traditions inquiry SLA. Each report was coded for features, statistical analyses, reporting practices associated with quality, resulting data were examined both cumulatively over time. The findings indicate not only strengths weaknesses...

Abstract Multiple regression is a family of statistics used to investigate the relationship between set predictors and criterion (dependent) variable. This procedure applicable in variety research contexts data structures. Consequently, similar quantitative traditions sister‐disciplines such as education psychology (see Skidmore & Thompson, 2010), second language researchers have turned increasingly multiple regression. The present study employs synthetic techniques describe evaluate use...

ABSTRACT Tasks are frequently used to elicit learner language in second (L2) research. The purposes for doing so, however, vary widely, covering a range of theoretical models, designs, and analyses. For example, task-based researchers have examined linguistic interactional features (e.g., accuracy, language-related episodes) that found production as function task conditions +/− complex), modes (oral, written, computer-mediated), settings (second vs. foreign language). This article presents...

We propose a new framework for conceptualizing measures of instructed second language (L2) pronunciation performance according to three sets parameters: (a) the constructs (focused on global vs. specific aspects pronunciation), (b) scoring method (human raters acoustic analyses), and (c) type knowledge elicited (controlled spontaneous). Adopting this model (Framework L2 Pronunciation Measurement) as synthetic tool, we coded instruments found in 77 studies teaching published between 1982...

This paper presents a set of guidelines for reporting on five types quantitative data issues: (1) Descriptive statistics, (2) Effect sizes and confidence intervals, (3) Instrument reliability, (4) Visual displays data, (5) Raw data. Our recommendations are derived mainly from various professional sources related to L2 research but motivated by results investigations into how well the field as whole is following these best methodological practices, illustrated examples. Although recent...

Abstract Secondary research is burgeoning in the field of Applied Linguistics, taking form both narrative literature review and especially more systematic synthesis. Clearly purposed methodologically sound secondary contributes to because it provides useful reliable summaries a given domain, facilitates dialogues between sub-fields, reduces redundancies published literature. It important understand that an umbrella term includes numerous types review. In this commentary, we present typology...

Abstract What is quality in the context of applied linguistic research? Addressing this question both an intellectual and ethical imperative for field. Toward that end, I propose a four-part framework understanding evaluating study quality: Quality research (a) methodologically rigorous, (b) transparent, (c) ethical, (d) value to society. The bulk paper devoted describing each these four elements, first conceptually then as observed also articulate some many connections among elements within...

Applied linguists are increasingly conducting meta-analysis in their substantive domains, because as a quantitative approach for averaging effect sizes across studies, it is more systematic and replicable than traditional, qualitative literature reviews. Additional strengths, such increased statistical power, moderator analyses, model testing, have also contributed to its appeal. The current review describes typical stages of second language acquisition (SLA) research: (a) defining the...

This article builds on the growing line of inquiry into methodological practices in quantitative second language (L2) research. Specifically, study uses synthetic techniques to examine changes over time research and reporting practices. 606 primary reports L2 from two journals— Language Learning Studies Second Acquisition —were surveyed different design features, statistical analyses, data Frequencies percentages each feature were then calculated compared across 1990s first decade 2000s...

Ensuring internal validity in quantitative research requires, among other conditions, reliable instrumentation. Unfortunately, however, second language (L2) researchers often fail to report and even more interpret reliability estimates beyond generic benchmarks for acceptability. As a means guide interpretations of such estimates, this article meta‐analyzes coefficients (internal consistency, interrater, intrarater) as reported published L2 research. We recorded 2,244 537 individual articles...

ABSTRACT Self-paced reading tests (SPRs) are being increasingly adopted by second language (L2) researchers. Using SPR with L2 populations presents specific challenges, and its use is still evolving in research (as well as first research, many respects). Although the topic of several narrative overviews (Keating & Jegerski, 2015; Roberts, 2016), we do not have a comprehensive picture usage research. Building on growing body systematic reviews practices applied linguistics (e.g., Liu...