Macrophages manifest as various subtypes that play diverse and important roles in immunosurveillance the maintenance of immunological homeostasis tissues. Many vitro studies divide macrophages into two broad groups: M1 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), M2 interleukin 4 (IL-4). However, considering complex microenvironment vivo, concept is not enough to explain diversity macrophages. In this study, we analyzed functions simultaneous stimulation with LPS IL-4 (termed LPS/IL-4-induced...

Maximum precipitation during a historical period is estimated by means of physically based regional atmospheric model over three watersheds in Northern California: the American River watershed (ARW), Yuba (YRW), and Upper Feather (UFRW). In California, severe storm events are mostly caused high-moisture flow from Pacific Ocean, referred to as river (AR). Therefore, method maximize contribution an AR on each targeted proposed. The shifts boundary conditions space with latitude longitude so...

Recent advancements by national institutions in Japan have significantly enhanced the accessibility of geotechnical information, enabling researchers to utilize extensive datasets via online platforms. While these been widely employed various studies, systematic analyses relationships among variables within large-scale data remain limited. This study aims address this gap analyzing between using a comprehensive nationwide dataset soil tests provided National Geo-Information Center (NGIC)....

Maximum precipitation (MP) was estimated by means of a regional atmospheric model over three watersheds in northern California [(1) the American River watershed (ARW), (2) Yuba (YRW), and (3) Upper Feather (UFRW)], based on reconstruction analyses historical severe storms that were recorded these target watersheds, where National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis data available modeling storms. Since storm events are mainly...

Abstract In this paper, we perform the super-resolution of sea surface temperature data with enhanced generative adversarial network (ESRGAN), which is a deep neural network-based single-image (SISR) method that uses (GAN). We generate high-quality ESRGAN and convolutional (SRCNN) residual-in-residual dense block (RRDBNet) methods, are based on networks (CNNs). The images generated these methods compared high-resolution optimum interpolation (OISST) using root mean square error (RMSE),...

Effect of climate change on hydrologic flow regimes, particularly extreme events, necessitates modeling future flows in order to best inform water resources management. This study simulated the Cache Creek watershed California over 21st century using a hydro-climate model (Watershed Environmental Hydrology Hydro-Climate Model; WEHY-HCM) forced by projections. The projections, based four emission scenarios two global models (GCMs), fifth-generation atmospheric and third-generation community...

Kuma River Watershed in Japan. High-quality precipitation information is desirable hydrological modeling and water resources management. This study aimed to generate long-term fine-resolution datasets over the region. A hybrid downscaling framework that integrates a dynamical approach by Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model deep learning Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was proposed derive at fine resolutions from ERA-Interim datasets. The then applied coastal watershed merit of...

Specific chemical reactions by enzymes acting on a nucleobase are realized flipping the target base out of helix. Similarly, artificial oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can also induce and specific reaction. We now report an easily prepared unique structure-providing photo-cross-linking reaction taking advantage base-flipping-out field formed alkene-type base-flipping-inducing bases. Two 3-arylethenyl-5-methyl-2-pyridone nucleosides with Ph or An group were synthesized incorporated into ODNs....

Abstract This study is aimed at quantifying the difference in aquifer's response to recharge between some different locations a fan aquifer and delta for preliminary of revealing mechanisms water transport alluvial aquifer. The statistically quantified with two viewpoints: (1) timing volume (2) time length holding water. For first point, statistical model that links precipitation groundwater level introduced, its parameters are identified using correlation analysis. Our results show rate toe...

Abstract Improvements on nonhydrostatic atmospheric models such as MM5 in the last few decades have enhanced our understanding of precipitation mechanism affected by topography and nonlinear dynamics atmosphere. This study addresses use a regional model to estimate physical maximum rates for next generation flood management strategies under evolving climate conditions. First, 48 significant historical storm events were selected based continuous reconstructed conditions Feather, Yuba,...

In this study, a regional climate model was used to dynamically downscale 15 future projections from three GCMs covering four emission scenarios (SRES B1, A1FI, A1B, A2) based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) datasets 6-km horizontal resolution over the whole Peninsular Malaysia. Impacts of change in 21st century precipitation, air temperature, and soil water storage were assessed ten watersheds twelve coastal regions. Then, by coupling physical hydrology with model,...