A child version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS: D. Watson, L. A. Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), PANAS-C, was developed using students in Grades 4-8 (N = 707). Item selection based on psychometric theoretical grounds. The resulting (NA) (PA) scales demonstrated good convergent discriminant validity with existing self-report measures childhood anxiety depression; PANAS-C performed much like its adult namesake. Overall, PANAS, is a brief, useful measure that can be used to...

The present study used a contextual and transactional approach to examine age gender differences in the experience consequences of life stress clinic-referred preadolescents adolescents. Eighty-eight youngsters their parents completed Child Episodic Life Stress Interview, detailed semistructured interview assessing occurrence stressful events multiple domains. Interviews were coded using threat rating method determine event stressfulness dependence. Youngsters also Children's Depression...

The validity of a developmentally based life-stress model depression was evaluated in 88 clinic-referred youngsters. focused on (a) the role child-environment transactions, (b) specificity stress-psychopathology relations, and (c) consideration both episodic chronic stress. Semistructured diagnostic interviews were administered to youngsters their parents. As predicted, total sample child associated with interpersonal stress, whereas externalizing disorder noninterpersonal However, pattern...

A longitudinal investigation was conducted to explicate the network of associations between depressive symptoms and peer difficulties among 486 fourth through sixth graders ( M = 9.93 years). Parent teacher reports symptoms; peer, self, victimization; acceptance were obtained. systematic examination nested structural equation models provided support for a symptoms‐driven model whereby contributed difficulties; no evidence found interpersonal risk or transactional models. Analyses further...

The present research examined the role of maladaptive self‐regulatory beliefs as vulnerability factors for academic and emotional difficulties during transition to middle school. A short‐term longitudinal design was employed follow two groups early adolescents: 187 adolescents who experienced a school between fifth sixth grades, 142 did not experience grades. Adolescents completed measures perceptions control importance success, chronic strain, daily hassles, depressive symptoms. Teachers...

This research examined three possible models to explain how childhood social adversity and recent stress interact predict depression in youth: sensitization, amplification, inoculation. Drawing from a stress-sensitization theory of depression, we hypothesized that exposure adversity, the form disruptions critical interpersonal relationships, would lower youths' threshold for depressive reactions stress. We expected this pattern sensitization be most salient girls negotiating pubertal...

This investigation tested the person‐by‐environment hypothesis that joint influence of behavioral vulnerability (anxious solitude) and interpersonal adversity (peer exclusion) predicts heightened social avoidance depression over time. The study assessed 519 fifth sixth graders 3 times during 1 year. Teachers reported behavior peer exclusion; youth depression. As hypothesized, anxious solitary displayed maintenance or exacerbation in context high exclusion, but increased approach less low...

This research investigated the developmental stages (pubertal status) and contexts (early or late timing relative to peers, a context of stressful versus supportive peer relationships) in which sex difference depression unfolds. A sample 158 youth (ages 9.6-14.8) their caregivers provided information at two waves, 1 year apart, on puberty, stress, depression. Pubertal status (actual perceived) interacted with predict Sex differences were evident particular levels pubertal timing, both actual...

The authors tested a cognitive-interpersonal hypothesis of depression by examining the role interpersonal cognitions in prediction associated with stressors. A measure adult attachment assessed about ability to be close others and depend on anxiety rejection abandonment. Participants were women who had recently graduated from high school; they followed for 1 year extensive interview evaluation life events, depression, other symptomatology. Generally, cognitions, their interactions...

This study examined reciprocal‐influence models of the association between relational self‐views and peer stress during early adolescence. The first model posited that adolescents with negative disengage from peers, creating in their relationships. second exposure to fosters social disengagement, which elicits self‐views. Participants were 605 ( M age=11.7). As part a 3‐wave longitudinal reported on stress, teachers disengagement. hypothesized, predicted contributed stress. Stress subsequent...

A large corpus of research indicates that exposure to stress impairs cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning dependent on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We collected structural MRI scans (<i>n</i> = 61), well-validated assessments functioning, and detailed interviews assessing in humans examine whether cumulative life affected brain morphometry one type spatial working memory, during adolescence—a critical time development reorganization. Analysis variations structure revealed...

Abstract This research investigated the hypothesis that girls' heightened concerns about social evaluation contribute to sex differences in depression and interpersonal competence during early adolescence. A short‐term longitudinal study was conducted with 474 adolescents examine consequences of social‐evaluative concerns. Adolescents reported on their levels depressive symptoms. Teachers provided ratings adolescents' peers (displays prosocial aggressive behavior). As anticipated, girls...

Two prospective studies examined a theoretical model wherein exposure to victimization, resulting from early behavioral risk, heightens children's social alienation and subsequent deviant peer affiliation ( DPA ). Across Study 1 (298 girls, 287 boys; K–7th grade; 5–12 years) 2 (338 298 2nd–6th 8–12 years), children, parents, peers, teachers reported on externalizing behavior internalizing symptoms, alienation, . Path analyses supported the proposed pathway: Peer victimization predicted which...

Peer victimization has been implicated as a traumatic stressor that compromises children's long-term mental health, yet dearth of prospective research documents lasting effects early victimization. This study examined whether (2nd grade) and increasing (2nd–5th predicted 5th grade depressive symptoms aggressive behavior. Children (238 girls, 195 boys) reported on symptoms; teachers Latent growth curve analysis revealed made unique contributions to Relational aggression was particularly...

Children who experience early adversity often develop emotion regulatory problems, but little is known about the mechanisms that mediate this relation. We tested whether general associative learning processes contribute to associations between adversity, in form of child maltreatment, and negative behavioral outcomes.Eighty-one participants 12 17 years age were recruited for study completed a probabilistic Task. Forty-one these had been exposed physical abuse, adversity. Forty additional...

Despite evidence documenting activation of the social pain network in response to rejection and its link temporary distress, far less is known regarding role pervasive emotional difficulties. Moreover, research has not considered intersection between neural experimentally induced exclusion naturally occurring adversity. This study examined an integrated model internalizing symptoms, which posits that (i) sensitivity associated with (ii) this linkage more robust youth than without a history...