To compare the speed and heart-rate profiles during international skating classical competitions in male female world-class cross-country skiers.Four 5 skiers performed individual time trials of 15 km (men) 10 (women) techniques on 2 consecutive days. Races were same 5-km course. The course was mapped with GPS a barometer to provide valid elevation profile. Time, speed, heart rate determined for uphill, flat, downhill terrains throughout entire competition by wearing monitor.Times terrain...

The present study investigated the contribution of performance on uphill, flat, and downhill sections to overall in an international 10-km classical time-trial elite female cross-country skiers, as well relationships between snow laboratory-measured physiological variables double poling (DP) diagonal (DIA) techniques. Ten skiers were continuously measured by a global positioning system device during skiing technique. One month prior race, all performed 5-min submaximal 3-min self-paced test...

Advances in GNSS technology have resulted smaller and more accurate receivers, which become increasingly suitable for calculating instantaneous performance parameters during sports competitions, example by providing the difference time between athletes at any location along a course. This study investigated accuracy of three commercially available receivers directed market evaluated their applicability analysis endurance racing sports. The were 1 Hz wrist-worn standalone receiver (Garmin...

Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining cross-country skiing with the skating technique and rifle shooting. The sprint (7.5 km for women 10 men) includes 2 shootings between 3 laps of skiing. aims current study were to compare biathletes different performance levels sex on total race time performance-determining factors races in biathlon World Cup. top-10 performers (G1-10) results ranks 21-30 (G21-30) 47 during 2011-12 2015-16 Cup seasons compared regarding time, course shooting range (rate...

Introduction Although five of six Olympic events in cross-country skiing involve mass-starts, those are sparsely examined scientifically. Therefore, this study, we investigated speed profiles, pacing strategies, group dynamics and their performance-determining impact a mass-start competition. Methods Continuous position 57 male skiers was measured six-lap, 21.8 km national competition skating style later followed up with an online questionnaire. Skiers ranked from 1 to 40 were split into...

Para cross-country (XC) skiers compete in race courses with different terrains (uphill, downhill, and undulated) across several classes three categories (visually, standing, sitting impaired). The objectives were to investigate (1) the distribution of distance relative time spent (%RTTerr) races, (2) association class %RTTerr while adjusting for sex final rank. Sixty-eight XC tracked GNSS sensors during middle- long-distance races at two World Championships. Linear mixed models used covered...

The purpose of this study was to examine how the work rate (WR) influences whole-body metabolic (MR) and more local measures intensity (i.e., pole power, joint triceps brachii (TB) vastus lateralis (VL) tissue saturation index (TSI)) across skating style sub-techniques in cross-country skiing (XCS). Five-minute efforts were performed at a range submaximal speeds constant inclines 2% for G4, 5% G3, 12% G2. Pole forces 3D motion capture used calculate pole, elbow, shoulder power. TSI TB VL...

Objectives We investigated sex-based differences in speed, sub-technique selection, and kinematic patterns during low- (LIT) high-intensity training (HIT) for classical cross-country (XC) skiing across varying terrain. Methods Six male six female elite XC skiers with an approximately 15% VO2max (men: 68.9±2.9 mL·min-1·kg-1, women: 60.1±3.3 mL·min-1·kg-1) were monitored using a multi-sensor system to collect time-synchronised data of heart rate, multiple tri-axial inertial measurements units...

Biathlon is an Olympic winter sport that combines rifle shooting and cross-country skiing in various race formats. In the individual distance (15 km for women 20 men), athletes compete over 5 laps of with between each 2 (ie, 4 shootings). The aim current study was to compare total time differences, as well contribution from variables this difference, biathletes different performance levels sexes races World Cup. Based on publicly available reports, authors compared these factors top-10...

Government policy impacts the level of sustainability for which houseowners design and operate their energy system. Consequently, there is a need to consider resulting from different policies, assuming optimal operation. The present work focuses on detached residential houses, where system consists photovoltaic systems generation batteries optional ground-source heat pump storage. A mixed-integer linear programming model presented, takes policies other constraints into account when...

Purpose : To investigate the performance effects of video- and sensor-based feedback for implementing a terrain-specific micropacing strategy in cross-country (XC) skiing. Methods Following simulated 10-km skating time trial (Race1) on snow, 26 national-level male XC skiers were randomly allocated into an intervention (n = 14) or control group 12), before repeating race (Race2) 2 days later. Between races, received through theoretical lecture practical training session aiming to implement...

To investigate fluctuations in speed, work rate, and heart rate (HR) when cross-country ski skating across varying terrains at different endurance-training intensities.Seven male junior Norwegian skiers performed maximal-speed (Vmax) tests both flat uphill terrains. Thereafter, 5-km sessions low (LIT), moderate (MIT), high intensity (HIT) were based on their own perception of while monitored by a global navigation satellite system with integrated barometry accompanying HR monitor.Speed, HR,...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how various laboratory- and field-based tests predict on-snow cross-country (XC) skiing roller-skiing performance. Thirty-three national-level male XC skiers (19.0±2.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake [VO 2max ] 70.8±4.7 mL·min -1 ·kg ) performed a 13.6-km roller-ski skating competition tracked by global positioning system (GPS), which together with individual distance International Ski Federation (FIS) points used assess their performance...

Formation of gas hydrates in oil/gas pipelines has to be properly managed as they can often lead plugging, primarily by deposition, causing safety issues and significant expenses for repair recovery. Early detection hydrate deposition is thus critical managing such risks establishing stratagies mitigation remediation. Here, a permittivity probe applied 1-in. vertical pipe system order detect deposition. The simulates deadleg, which section used intermittent services maintenance management....

Purpose: To investigate the contribution from maximal speed (Vmax) and %Vmax to finish sprint obtained in a cross-country classical skating style, as well coinciding changes kinematic patterns effect of pacing strategy on %Vmax. Methods: Twelve elite male skiers performed two 80-m Vmax tests flat terrain using double-poling G3 techniques, followed by 4 simulated 1.4-km time trials, with conservative (controlled start) positive (hard strategies both styles randomized order. In all cases,...

Biathlon is an Olympic winter-sport where cross-country (XC) skiing in the skating technique combined with rifle shooting. In biathlon sprint competition for men, three laps of 3.3-km are interspersed a 5-shot shooting sequence prone and standing position. Our purpose was to investigate contribution from overall XC performance, performance different terrain sections race as well relationship laboratory-measured capacities obtained during treadmill roller ski skating. Eleven elite male...

A new rigorous systematic design procedure for folded waveguide filters with cross couplings is presented. The a combination of circuit model analysis and full-wave method, based on tuning one dimension at time simple structures towards goals. Through examples it shown how the can eliminate need global optimization. As consequence this process, needed realization type greatly reduced. Examples designed using described process are given, including comparison measurements.

To investigate whether skiers with a fast-start pacing pattern increase time-trial performance by use of more even strategy.Thirty-four (∼17 y, 16 male) performed an individual 7.5 (3 × 2.5) km free-technique race on snow self-selected strategy (day 1). Based the starting pace first ∼2 minutes (lap-1 600-m segment pace·7.5 pace-1), subjects were ranked into 2 groups: intervention group fastest start (INT, n = 17) and control conservative (CON, 17). On day 2, INT instructed to reduce their...

In-situ wave measurements are often required by marine industry standards and for verification of coastal forecasts. Obtaining is costly it would be advantageous to utilize existing platforms like navigational buoys designed environmental monitoring. In this study, a sensor module (MOTUS Wave Sensor, Aanderaa Data Instruments) installed on buoy (Tideland) (EMM2.0) validated against dedicated measurement (Waverider, Datawell). The validation based upon four months off the west coast Norway....

The purpose of this study was to compare speed, sub-technique selection and temporal patterns between world-class male female cross-country (XC) skiers examine the combined associations sex speed on selection. Thirty-three XC performed an international 10-km (women; n = 8) 15-km (men; 25) time-trial competition in classical style (with first 10 km race being used for analyses). An integrated GNSS/IMU system continuously track position automatically classify sub-techniques (i.e. cycle length...

Existing diffraction correction models for ultrasonic transmit-receive measurement systems rely on simplifying assumptions with respect to the boundary conditions at transmitter or receiver. Common simplifications include approximating sound field radiated by a piezoelectric transducer using baffled piston model and assuming that receiver's electrical response is proportional spatially averaged free-field pressure over its front surface. In many applications, such may be adequate, but their...

Nordic combined (NC) is an Olympic winter-sport performed as a ski jumping (SJ) event followed by cross-country (XC) pursuit race employing the skating style.To elucidate associations between sport-specific laboratory capacities and SJ, XC skiing, overall NC performance in world-cup event.Twelve international athletes from 8 nations testing one day prior to participating event. Squat jumps SJ imitations (IMIT) were on three-dimensional force plate, whereas skiing-specific physiological...

Purpose Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining 3–5 laps of cross-country skiing with rifle shooting, alternating between the prone and standing shooting positions laps. The individual distance sprint are extensively examined whereas pursuit, start times based on results, unexplored. Therefore, current study aimed to investigate contribution from time, penalty time range overall isolated performance in biathlon World Cup pursuit races. Methods 38 37 stepwise linear regression analyses for...