We present a formal framework for modeling evolutionary dynamics with special emphasis on the generation of diversity through branching tree. Fitness is defined as long term growth rate which influenced by biotic environment leading to an ever-changing adaptive landscape. Evolution can be described in space variable number dimensions corresponding different types present. The within subspace governed local fitness gradient. Entering higher dimensional possible only at particular type...

Abstract Sensitivity analysis, the study of how ecological variables interest respond to changes in external conditions, is a theoretically well‐developed and widely applied approach population ecology. Though application sensitivity analysis predicting response species‐rich communities disturbances also has long history, derivation mathematical framework for understanding factors leading robust coexistence only been recent undertaking. Here we suggest that this development opens up new...

Matrix game theory and optimisation models offer two radically different perspectives on the outcome of evolution. Optimisation consider frequency-independent selection envisage evolution as a hill-climbing process constant fitness landscape, with optimal strategy corresponding to maximum. By contrast, in evolutionary matrix games is frequency-dependent leads equality among alternative strategies once an evolutionarily stable has been established. In this review we demonstrate that both...

Adaptation to an environment consisting of two patches (each with different optimal strategy) is investigated. The have independent density regulation ('soft selection'). If the are similar enough and migration between them strong, then evolution ends up a generalist ESS. either difference increases or weakens, strategy represents branching singularity: initially monomorphic population first evolves towards strategy, there it undergoes branching, finally specialist strategies form...

We provide the link between population dynamics and of Darwinian evolution via studying joint similar populations. Similarity implies that relative populations is slow compared to, decoupled from, their aggregated dynamics. The simple, captured by a Taylor expansion in difference emerging directional, except at singular points evolutionary state space. Here ``evolutionary branching'' may occur. diversification life forms thus demonstrated to be natural consequence process.

We reinvestigate the validity of limiting similarity principle via numerical simulations Lotka–Volterra model. A Gaussian competition kernel is employed to describe decreasing with increasing difference in a one‐dimensional phenotype variable. The are initiated by large number species, evenly distributed along axis. Exceptionally, carrying capacity supports coexistence all initially present. In case any other, distinctly different, functions, resulted extinction all, but few species....

Several recent models have shown that frequency-dependent disruptive selection created by intraspecific competition can lead to the evolution of assortative mating and, thus, competitive sympatric speciation. However, since most these results rely on limited numerical analyses, their generality has been debated. Here, we consider one standard (the so-called Roughgarden model) with a simplified genetics where selected trait is determined single diallelic locus. This model sufficiently complex...

Free-energy transduction, the basic physical process underlying phenomena of life has been described by non-equilibrium thermodynamics. However, possibility a thermodynamic description very first step, conversion solar energy to free living material, questioned on basis an apparent lack microscopic reversibility light absorption/emission. We develop absorption that is consistent with

Emergent neutrality is the idea in community ecology that species interactions may drive a system direction where some become so similar this similarity will be primary cause for their coexistence instead of niche differentiation. A recent, widely cited model emergent by Scheffer and van Nes, later applied to abundance distribution patterns Vergnon et al. We take issue with ecological interpretation model, demonstrating it fact presupposes important differences between superficially...