Since the Great Recession, some have argued that local governments become ‘austerity machines’ cut and privatize services undermine unions. We conducted a national survey of US municipalities in 2012 to examine how service provision level delivery methods are related stress capacity, controlling for community need place characteristics. find balancing pressures with needs. They use alternative revenue sources (privatization cooperation) maintain services. Unionization is not barrier...

Abstract Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic T cell-mediated mucocutaneous disease of unknown etiopathogenesis. Although various antigens have been considered, what actually triggers the inflammatory response cells unknown. In present study, we propose that intracellular bacteria within tissues trigger cell infiltration and provide target antigens. Sections OLP (n = 36) normal 10) oral mucosal were subjected to in situ hybridization using universal probe targeting bacterial 16S rRNA gene...

As local governments respond to fiscal stress after the global financial crisis, some scholars warn about an austerity urbanism response wherein cut and privatize services, while others see a pragmatic municipalism that seeks protect public services by sharing applying for more grants, or charging user fees. Existing empirical works lack detail types of government responses their drivers. Using structural equation model with 2017 survey data 919 counties municipalities in New York State, we...

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common oral mucosal disorder of unclear etiopathogenesis. Although recent studies the microbiota by high-throughput sequencing 16S rRNA genes have suggested that imbalances in may contribute to etiopathogenesis RAS, no specific bacterial species associated with RAS been identified. The present study aimed characterize mucosa and saliva patients comparison control subjects at level.The communities from active lesions (RAS, n = 18 for 8 saliva) (n 7...

The 2007–2008 Global Financial Crisis renewed interest in New Public Management tools. Privatization and intermunicipal cooperation are the two most common forms of service delivery reforms among US local governments. Which is more responsive to fiscal stress, needs political interests? Our national survey 2,109 governments 2017 finds stress community need, while privatization communities with higher home values. Unionization associated less cooperation. balance need. Cooperation preferred...

Abstract This article updates cutback management theory and challenges austerity urbanism by showing that local governments practice pragmatic municipalism—protecting services with a balanced response to fiscal stress. Using 2017 national survey of 2,341 U.S. municipalities counties, the authors identify four responses—no specific action, cuts, revenue supplements, deferrals. Structural equation models show cuts are higher in places older infrastructure more unemployment but not poverty....

While national governments responded to the Great Recession with austerity, local government responses were varied. Two contrasting views are found in literature: 'austerity urbanism' and 'pragmatic municipalism'. We argue austerity urbanism best reflects contexts where have limited autonomy cuts aid been severe, such as Detroit US, England, southern states EU. Pragmatic municipalism explains more fiscal autonomy, US. Differences state-local relations well methodology (case study or...

Hydrogen purity plays a crucial role in the expanding hydrogen economy, particularly applications such as fuel cells and industrial processes. This review investigates relationship between production methods resulting levels, emphasizing differences reforming, electrolysis, biomass-based techniques. Furthermore, it explores state-of-the-art purification technologies, including pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation, cryogenic distillation, highlighting their effectiveness...

In general, most people would deem the pursuit of de-amalgamation, by a forcibly merged local government against wishes an incumbent state keen to protect its legacy, as “mission impossible.” However, precisely this outcome recently occurred. paper, we seek explain surprising success principally with reference concept heresthetic, which is said be political art bringing about wins. so doing, first introduce theory before seeking push recent extensions literature regarding opportunity costs,...

Despite the impressive progress of multimodal generative models, video-to-audio generation still suffers from limited performance and limits flexibility to prioritize sound synthesis for specific objects within scene. Conversely, text-to-audio methods generate high-quality audio but pose challenges in ensuring comprehensive scene depiction time-varying control. To tackle these challenges, we propose a novel video-and-text-to-audio method, called ReWaS, where video serves as conditional...

Public finance theories argue local governments should primarily use broad-based and stable property taxes. However, the housing bust after Great Recession challenges this argument, historical trends show cities have heavily relied on charges since late 1970s. Using 2012 Census of Governments data for 2,396 cities, article explores which rely more links between tax dependence city stress. Regression results is linked to capacity, while Charges can be a useful revenue tool under stress, but...

Abstract Local governments in the USA are facing increased levels of fiscal stress after Great Recession. We conducted a national survey 2012 to assess differences sources and service delivery responses (privatization, inter‐municipal co‐operation, public delivery) across places. Our discriminant analysis on 1,889 US cities counties contributes literature state rescaling. differentiate three types stress: fiscal, housing market decline demographic. Fiscal demographic linked highest metro...

Policy Highlights We create a 50 state Tax and Expenditure Limits (TEL) severity index by government type. Counties municipalities differ in their revenue structure economic functions.TELs constrict counties' ability to raise revenue.Municipalities broaden sources debt response TEL severity.State aid needs increase for counties offset TEL's restrictive effect.State-imposed local (TELS) are restricting raising of governments across the U.S. 50-state measure TELS type tax limitation (rate...

Using focus groups and government finance data, we explore three areas of US state rescaling at the subnational level: revenue tools, expenditure responsibilities policy authority. Expenditure responsibilities, especially social welfare, have been devolved to level, while local tools authority are preempted. This decoupling responsibility power is cracking foundations fiscal federalism. At behest corporate-legislative coalitions, governments shrinking capacity govern. not shrinkage; it a...

Cities continue to face fiscal challenges after the Great Recession and alternative service delivery is being emphasised as a solution. How promising solution what are its barriers? Regression analyses using 2012 survey data of US local governments show that manage procedural barriers, but structural barriers economy demography hinder privatisation cooperation. Places with housing bust (measured decline in home values) can use privatisation, not places more or increased poverty. Cooperation...

Abstract Research on COVID‐19 responses has largely focused national governments. Meanwhile, the crisis management literature noted that such “transboundary crises” require collaborative responses. What role can local governments play? How do citizen perceptions matter? We look for answers in South Korea been considered a model case managing COVID‐19. use data from policy briefs, news reports, and government websites to show successfully implemented initiatives while modifying them fit needs...

US local governments are responsible for a variety of services, based on the assumptions fiscal federalism that can deliver residents services they want at lowest cost. However, an austerity narrative calls shrinking public budgets emerged after 2008 global financial crisis and higher levels government dumping stress down to level in process “scalar dumping.” How do respond these pressures why we see weak pushback from governments? Focus groups with officials across New York State show...