We outline a model for types and levels of automation that provides framework an objective basis deciding which system functions should be automated to what extent. Appropriate selection is important because does not merely supplant but changes human activity can impose new coordination demands on the operator. propose applied four broad classes functions: 1) information acquisition; 2) analysis; 3) decision action selection; 4) implementation. Within each these types, across continuum from...

This paper describes the origins and history of multiple resource theory in accounting for differences dual task interference. One particular application theory, 4-dimensional resources model, is described detail, positing that there will be greater interference between two tasks to extent they share stages (perceptual/cognitive vs response) sensory modalities (auditory visual), codes (visual spatial) channels visual information (focal ambient). A computational rendering this model then...

The objective is to lay out the rationale for multiple resource theory and particular 4-D model, as well show how model useful both a design tool means of predicting multitask workload overload.I describe discoveries developments regarding that have emerged over past 50 years contribute performance prediction.The article presents history concept, computational version applied driving simulation data, relation resources workload.Research revealed importance four dimensions in accounting task...

The resources allocated to a primary and secondary task are reciprocal. Subjects performed tracking in which the discrete displacements of cursor could be used elicit event-related brain potentials. As resource demands were increased, potentials elicited by task-defined events increased amplitude, whereas those auditory stimuli decreased.

The waveform of the cortical event-related potential is extremely sensitive to variations in sequence stimuli preceding eliciting event. changes were manifested primarily amplitudes negative component that peaked at 200 milliseconds, positive 300 and slow-wave components. A quantitative model was developed relating event expectancy. Expectancy assumed depend on a decaying memory for events within prior sequence, specific structure global probability occurrence. For relevant task, less...

In this report we describe the concept of proximity compatibility principle (PCP) and demonstrate its relevance to display design: Displays relevant a common task or mental operation (close proximity) should be rendered close together in perceptual space proximity). Different forms are discussed, as different information-processing mechanisms that underlie effects several design manipulations proximity. Experimental data support process-based elaboration PCP then reviewed contexts relating...

Cognitive engineering needs viable constructs and principles to promote better understanding prediction of human performance in complex systems. Three cognition that have been the subjects much attention research practice over past three decades are situation awareness (SA), mental workload, trust automation. Recently, Dekker Woods (2002) Hollnagel (2004; henceforth DWH) argued these represent “folk models” without strong empirical foundations lacking scientific status. We counter this view...

ABSTRACT Subjects performed a visual tracking task while performing concurrent in which tones were covertly counted. The P300 component of the event‐related potentials elicited by was examined to determine extent its amplitude affected variations forcing‐function bandwidth, or difficulty, task. decreased magnitude when counted conjunction with performance task, relative single‐task counting condition. Increasing difficulty failed reduce further. A second experiment obviated possibility that...

Synthesized auditory displays and speech recognizers were used in two experiments to develop guidelines for their implementation military aircraft. In the first experiment, competition between encoding response modalities of concurrent tasks was examined. The memory search task more susceptible visual encoding, whereas tracking bore greater impact from shared manual responding. second experiment examined optimum assignment a given task. A simulated flight performed concurrently with either...

Abstract This review of the literature examines, in a quantitative fashion, how level imperfection or unreliability diagnostic automation affects performance human operator who is jointly consulting that and raw data itself. The from 20 different studies were used to generate 35 points compared with varying levels unreliability, non-automated baseline condition. A regression analysis benefits/costs relative was carried out, revealed strong linear function benefits reliability. reliability...

In 2 experiments, the authors examined how characteristics of a simulated traffic environment and in-vehicle tasks impact driver performance visual scanning extent to which computational model attention (SEEV model) could predict behavior. Experiment 1, manipulated task-relevant information bandwidth task priority. 2, complexity, while introducing infrequent hazards. Overall, priority had significant on scanning; however, increasing was varied, depending whether relevant supported by focal...

The authors discuss empirical studies of human-automation interaction and their implications for automation design.Automation is prevalent in safety-critical systems increasingly everyday life. Many human performance automated have been conducted over the past 30 years.Developments three areas are examined: levels stages automation, reliance on compliance with adaptive automation.Automation applied to information analysis or decision-making functions leads differential system benefits costs...

Objective: This article summarizes two articles by Endsley on situation awareness (SA) and presents the influence of concept subsequent practice theory human factors. Background: In her articles, integrated consolidated existing research done in prior decade. Method: I carefully examined SA topic written others. Results: integration revealed that has been applied to areas training, error analysis, design, selection, teamwork, automation. Some key issues related automation are reviewed...

As an index of task workload, the possible advantages event-related brain potential (ERP) over traditional secondary and physiological measures are described previous efforts to validate use ERPs in this context discussed. An experiment is then reported which perceptual load, incurred by monitoring a simulated air-traffic-control display for discrete events, assessed using (a) P300 component elicited auditory probe stimuli (b) reaction time task. The ERP were found reflect systematically...

We discuss two general concepts of attention: (1) As a filter selective attention that selects and admits channels information from the environment to be processed; (2) as resource enable subsequent processing, constrained by individual demand tasks, particularly collective demands multiple tasks needing performed concurrently defining limits multitasking. In both concept domains we review theories design principles, computational models attentional process performance outputs. discussing...