Accurate weather prediction is essential for many aspects of life, notably the early warning extreme events such as rainstorms. Short-term predictions these rely on forecasts from numerical models, in which, despite much improvement past decades, outstanding issues remain concerning model uncertainties, and increasing demands computation storage resources. In recent years, advance deep learning offers a viable alternative approach. Here, we show that 3D convolutional neural network using...

Cloud fraction significantly affects the short- and long-wave radiation. Its realistic representation in general circulation models (GCMs) still poses great challenges modeling atmosphere. Here, we present a neural network-based diagnostic scheme that uses grid-mean temperature, pressure, liquid ice water mixing ratios, relative humidity to simulate sub-grid cloud fraction. The scheme, trained using CloudSat data with explicit consideration of grid sizes, realistically simulates observed...

Abstract Cloud diurnal variation (CDV) affects cloud radiative effects significantly as clouds reflect shortwave radiation only during the daytime but trap outgoing longwave in both and nighttime. Meanwhile, CDV also rectifies atmospheric variations of longer time scales via interactions with other physical dynamic processes. These make a valuable aspect for diagnosing climate model performance. Here, we evaluate accuracy simulated state‐of‐the‐art global models (GCMs) by comparing...

Abstract Clouds strongly modulate regional radiation balance and their evolution is profoundly influenced by circulations. This study uses 2001–16 satellite reanalysis data together with model simulations to investigate the spring shortwave cloud radiative effect (SWCRE) associated circulations over southeastern China (SEC). Strong SWCRE, up −110 W m −2 , persists throughout springtime in this region its mean largest among same latitudes of Northern Hemisphere. SWCRE exhibits pronounced...

Abstract This study investigates the top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget ( R T ) and cloud radiative effects (CREs) over Tibetan Plateau (TP) adjacent Asian monsoon regions including Eastern China (EC) South Asia (SA) using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) simulations. Considerable simulation biases occur but specific causes differ in these regions. Most models underestimate intensity of annual mean cooling effect TP, during cold‐warm transition period is hard to capture....

Atmosphere–ocean general circulation models tend to underestimate the solar radiative forcing by stratocumulus over southeast Pacific, contributing a warm sea surface temperature (SST) bias. The underestimation may be caused biases in either macro- or micro- (or both) physical properties of clouds. This study used WRF Model (incorporated with physics-based two-moment cloud microphysical scheme) together 2008 Variability American Monsoon Systems Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study (VOCALS)...

Abstract Winter extreme snowstorm events along the coast of northeast United States have significant impacts on social and economic activities, their potential changes under global warming are great concern. Here, we adopted pseudo–global approach to investigate responses 93 identified in our previous observational analysis. The study was conducted by contrasting two sets WRF simulations for each event: first set driven ERA-Interim reanalysis second that data superimposed with mean-climate...

Abstract This study investigates the characteristics of cold events affecting eastern China during November–March 1979–2018 using station observations and ERA5 reanalysis, focusing five major cities (Beijing, Zhengzhou, Wuhan, Shanghai Guangzhou) for their high vulnerability distinct local thermal conditions than broader climate regimes. For each city, day (CD) (one or more continuous days where temperature falls below 5th percentiles) surge (CS) (a period 1–3 with a total decrease exceeding...

Abstract Recently, Chen et al. used a combination of observations and WRF simulations to illustrate that the anthropogenic aerosol–cloud microphysics–radiation interactions over southeast Pacific can potentially reduce excessive shortwave radiation reaching sea surface, common bias identified in CMIP5 models. Here, with aid mixed-layer ocean, authors further study implications reduction underlying air–sea coupling, focusing on SST sensitivity changes. Results show responses coupling include...

Abstract The black carbon (BC) concentration over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau is modulated by atmospheric intraseasonal variations and in turn affects circulation through both direct radiative warming surface cooling. Based on an dry‐wet phase transition Plateau, we investigated short‐term radiative‐dynamic coupling of atmosphere with changes BC using observations numerical sensitivity experiments. observed local concentrations increased >50% as a result enhanced convergence upward...

The WRF-simulated changes in clouds and climate due to the increased anthropogenic aerosols for summers of 2002–08 (vs 1970s) over eastern China were used offline calculate radiative forcings associated with aerosol–radiation (AR) aerosol–cloud–radiation (ACR) interactions, which subsequently facilitated interpretation surface temperature changes. During this period, increases aerosol optical depth (ΔAOD) averaged range from 0.18 2004 0.26 2007 as compared corresponding cases 1970s,...

Abstract Cloud radiative effects strongly depend on diurnal variations of insolation and cloud properties. In general circulation models (GCMs), even when the daily‐mean properties agree with observations, errors in cycle can still significantly impact shortwave radiation induce model biases. However, this aspect is overlooked GCM evaluation intercomparison programs (e.g., Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5)), which mainly consider fraction. This study presents a simple...

Abstract This study used both observations and global climate model simulations to investigate the characteristics of winter extreme snowfall events along coast (the Interstate 95 corridor) northeast United States where several mega-cities are located. Observational analyses indicate that, during 1980–2015, 110 occurred when four coastal cities—Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C.—had either individually or collectively experienced daily exceeding local 95th percentile...

Abstract Atmospheric cloud radiative effect (ACRE) is a critical heat source in the atmosphere, with pronounced regional distributions. Here, we investigate seasonal and interannual characteristics of ACRE over South China (SC) neighbouring ocean regions using 2001–2020 satellite reanalysis data. Annual mean net shows warming role most SC, its eastern (ESCO), Sea western North Pacific (SWNP), domain‐mean values 6.0, 14.9, 32.8 W m −2 , respectively. Over shortwave dominates annual ACRE,...