Developmental signaling is remarkably robust to environmental variation, including temperature. For example, in ectothermic animals such as Drosophila, Notch maintained within functional limits across a wide temperature range. We combine experimental and computational approaches show that compensation of achieved by an unexpected variety endocytic-dependent routes activation which, when superimposed on ligand-induced activation, act robustness module. Thermal arises through altered balance...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) form a popular optimisation paradigm inspired by natural evolution. In recent years the field of evolutionary computation has developed rigorous analytical theory to analyse runtimes EAs on many illustrative problems. Here we apply this simple model Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) regime time between occurrences new mutations is much longer than it takes for mutated genotype take over population. situation, population only contains copies one and evolution...

The theory of population genetics and evolutionary computation have been evolving separately for nearly 30 years. Many results independently obtained in both fields many others are unique to its respective field. We aim bridge this gap by developing a unifying framework processes that allows algorithms models be cast the same formal framework. we present here decomposes process into several components order facilitate identification similarities between different models. In particular,...

The environment changes constantly at various time scales and, in order to survive, species need keep adapting. Whether these succeed avoiding extinction is a major evolutionary question. Using multilocus model of mutation‐limited population adapting under strong selection, we investigate the effects frequency environmental fluctuations on adaptation. Our results rely an "adaptive‐walk" approximation and use mathematical methods from computation theory interplay between fluctuation...

Abstract Adaptation depends critically on the effects of new mutations and their dependency genetic background in which they occur. These two factors can be summarized by fitness landscape. However, it would require testing all backgrounds, making definition analysis landscapes mostly inaccessible. Instead postulating a particular landscape, we address this problem considering general classes calculating an upper limit for time takes population to reach peak, circumventing need have full...

The recalcitrance of biofilms to antimicrobials is a multi-factorial phenomenon, including genetic, physical, and physiological changes. Individually, they often cannot account for biofilm recalcitrance. However, their combination can increase the minimal inhibitory concentration antibiotics needed kill bacterial cells by three orders magnitude, explaining survival under otherwise lethal drug treatment. relative contributions these factors depend on specific antibiotics, strain, as well...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) form a popular optimisation paradigm inspired by natural evolution. In recent years the field of evolutionary computation has developed rigorous analytical theory to analyse their runtime on many illustrative problems. Here we apply this simple model Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) regime time between occurrence new mutations is much longer than it takes for beneficial mutation take over population. situation, population only contains copies one genotype...

Background Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when genes expressed in one individual alter the expression of traits social partners. Previous studies focused on evolutionary consequences and dynamics IGEs, using equilibrium solutions to predict phenotypes subsequent generations. However, whether or not such steady states may be reached depend interactions themselves. Results In our study, we focus indirect investigate how they modify over time. Unlike previous IGE studies, do analyse...

Social selection and indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are established concepts in both behavioural ecology evolutionary genetics. While IGEs describe of an individual's genotype on phenotypes social partners (and may thus affect their fitness indirectly), the concept assumes that a given phenotype one individual affects other individuals directly. Although different frameworks, have been used to investigate evolution traits, such as cooperative behaviour. Despite similarities (both consider...

Traditional quantitative genetics assumes that an individual's phenotype is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. For many animals, part of the environment social provided parents other interacting partners. When expression genes in partners affects trait a focal individual, indirect effects occur. In this study, we explore on magnitude range phenotypic values individual multi-member model analyzing three possible classes interactions between individuals. We show may not only...

Crossing fitness valleys is one of the major obstacles to function optimization. In this paper we investigate how structure valley, namely its depth d and length l, influence runtime different strategies for crossing these valleys. We present a comparison between ea two non-elitist nature-inspired algorithms, Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) Metropolis algorithm. While (1+1) EA has jump across valley point higher because it does not accept decreasing moves, algorithms may cross by...

Spatially explicit population genetic models have long been developed, yet rarely used to test hypotheses about the spatial distribution of diversity or divergence between populations. Here, we use spatially coalescence simulations explore properties island and two-dimensional stepping stone under a wide range scenarios with spatio-temporal variation in deme size. We avoid simulation data, using fact that studied models, summary statistics can be approximated from times. perform gridCoal,...

The emergence and spread of anthelmintic resistance represent a major challenge for treating parasitic nematodes, threatening mass-drug control programs in humans zoonotic species. Currently, experimental evidence to understand the influence management (e.g., treatment intensity frequency) parasite-associated factors genetic variation, population size mutation rates) is lacking. To rectify this knowledge gap, we performed controlled evolution experiments with model nematode Caenorhabditis...

Abstract Helminth infections, a significant global health concern, are effectively treated with anthelmintic drugs. However, the rise of anthelmintic-resistant strains in livestock threatens both animal and human health. Understanding factors influencing resistance is crucial to mitigate threat posed by these parasites. Due difficulties studying parasitic worms laboratory, non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans used as model organism investigate evolution. suitability this free-living...

Abstract The green‐beard effect is one proposed mechanism predicted to underpin the evolution of altruistic behavior. It relies on recognition and selective help altruists each other in order promote sustain However, this has often been dismissed as unlikely or uncommon, it assumed that both signaling trait need be encoded by same gene through tightly linked genes. Here, we use models indirect genetic effects (IGEs) find minimum correlation between required for latter. We show threshold...

OBESITAS MOLEKULER PADA MANUSIA, AVERTEBRATA, DAN KHAMIR Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, obesitas telah menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan utama di negara maju, dengan Amerika Serikat ada urutan teratas. Meskipun terjadi perbaikan besar pada faktor sanitasi, perawatan kebidanan dan vaksinasi, tetapi usia harapan hidup menurun seiring meningkatnya obesitas. Saat ini, merupakan epidemi global yang memengaruhi orang dewasa anak-anak, secara signifikan berhubungan morbiditas mortalitas. Epidemi...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) form a popular optimisation paradigm inspired by natural evolution. In recent years the field of evolutionary computation has developed rigorous analytical theory to analyse their runtime on many illustrative problems. Here we apply this simple model Strong Selection Weak Mutation (SSWM) regime time between occurrence new mutations is much longer than it takes for beneficial mutation take over population. situation, population only contains copies one genotype...

Spatially explicit population genetic models have long been developed, yet rarely used to test hypotheses about the spatial distribution of diversity or expected neutral levels divergence between populations. Here, we use spatially coalescence simulations explore properties island model and two-dimensional stepping stone under a wide range scenarios with spatio-temporal variation in deme size. We avoid simulation data, using fact that studied models, summary statistics demes can be...