Approach action tendencies toward positive stimuli and avoidance from negative are widely seen to foster survival. Many studies have shown that approach arm movements facilitated by affect, respectively. There is considerable debate whether positively negatively valenced prime directly (i.e., immediate, unintentional, implicit, automatic, stimulus-based), or indirectly after conscious non-conscious interpretation of the situation). The direction size these effects were often found depend on...

In the present research, we test assumption that emotional mimicry and contagion are moderated by group membership. We report two studies using facial electromyography (EMG; Study 1), Facial Action Coding System (FACS; 2), self-reported emotions (Study 2) as dependent measures. As predicted, both show ingroup anger fear displays were mimicked to a greater extent than outgroup of these emotions. The self-report data in 2 further showed specific divergent reactions displays. Outgroup evoked...

Affect may have the function of preparing organisms for action, enabling approach and avoidance behavior. M. Chen J. A. Bargh (1999) suggested that affective processing automatically resulted in action tendencies arm flexion extension. The crucial question is, however, whether automaticity evaluation was actually achieved or their results were due to nonautomatic, conscious processing. When faces with emotional expressions evaluated consciously, similar effects obtained as study. reduced, no...

Recent studies have shown that emotionally significant stimuli are often better identified than neutral stimuli. It is not clear, however, whether these results due to enhanced perceptual processing or a bias favoring the identification of over The present study used two-alternative forced-choice task disentangle effects and processing. We found targets were targets. In contrast, emotional significance foil alternative had no effect on performance. support hypothesis encoding enhanced.

Abstract Embodiment theories predict that activating conceptual knowledge about emotions can be accompanied by re‐experiencing bodily states, since simulations of sensory, motor, and introspective experiences form the foundation representations emotion. In present study, we examine whether activation specific emotion concepts pride disappointment are embodied in sense they changes posture. Participants generated words associated with while posture height was measured. Results show during...

The present study explores the relative absence of expressive cues and effect contextual on perception emotions its attitudes. visibility was manipulated by showing films displaying female targets whose faces were either fully visible, covered a niqab, or partially visible (control condition). Targets expressed anger, shame, happiness in three different face conditions. Results show that is mainly affected an cues: Covering lower part results less happy videos more intense negative both...

Ambivalence refers to a psychological conflict between opposing evaluations, often experienced as being torn alternatives. This dynamic aspect of ambivalence is hard capture with outcome-focused measures, such response times or self-report. To gain more insight into it unfolds, the current work uses an embodied measure pull, drawing on research in systems. In three studies, using different materials, we tracked people's mouse movements they chose negative and positive evaluations attitude...

The finding of stronger affective priming in less conscious (suboptimal) conditions than fully (optimal) (S. T. Murphy & R. B. Zajonc, 1993) is theoretically important because it contradicts notions that emotions are primarily reflected by states. In 2 experiments, this pattern results was obtained. Happy and angry faces were presented both optimally suboptimally masked unknown ideographs. Experiment 1, instructions for the matched, ratings ideographs determined. 2, a more implicit measure...

Approach and avoidance tendencies have helped explain phenomena as diverse addiction (Mogg, Field, & Bradley, 2005), phobia (Rinck Becker, 2007), intergroup discrimination (Bianchi, Carnaghi, Shamloo, 2018; Degner, Essien, Reichardt, 2016). When the original approach-avoidance task (AAT; Solarz, 1960) that measures these was redesigned to run on regular desktop computers, it made much more flexible but also sacrificed some important behavioral properties of task-most notably its reliance...

A correspondence of processing on the familiarity-novelty and positive-negative dimensions, particularly in earliest stages, is proposed. Familiarity manipulations should, therefore, not only influence affective evaluations (e.g., mere exposure effect), but should also bias familiarity judgments recognition). In Experiment 1, both previously presented new recognition test words were primed by matching, nonmatching, positive, or negative context words. 2, more diffuse states induced during...

Prior research exploring the relationship between evaluations and body movements has focused on one-sided evaluations. However, people regularly encounter objects or situations about which they simultaneously hold both positive negative views, results in experience of ambivalence. Such experiences are often described physical terms: For example, say "wavering" two sides an issue "torn." Building this observation, we designed studies to explore ambivalence side-to-side movement, wavering. In...

Ambivalence is a state of inconsistency that often experienced as affectively aversive. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we investigated the role cognitive and social-affective processes in experience ambivalence coping with its negative consequences. We examined participants' brain activity during dichotomous evaluation (pro vs contra) pretested ambivalent (e.g. alcohol), positive happiness) genocide) word stimuli. manipulated relevance by varying probability...

In a series of four experiments, Topolinski and Sparenberg (2012; TS) found support for the conjecture that clockwise movements induce psychological states temporal progression an orientation toward future novelty. Here we report results preregistered replication attempt Experiment 2 from TS. Participants turned kitchen rolls either or counterclockwise while answering items questionnaire assessing openness to experience. Data 102 participants showed effect went slightly in direction opposite...

In the present study, authors tested whether conceptual fear knowledge can (a) evoke bodily reactions and (b) enhance subsequent to fearful stimuli. Participants unscrambled neutral or sentences subsequently viewed pictures in combination with startle sounds. As predicted, found embodied (i.e., increased electrodermal corrugator activity) while participants sentences. Importantly, these occurred absence of a subjective experience. addition, activity viewing stronger modulation effect after...

Combining regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997) and novelty categorization (Förster, Marguc, & Gillebaart, 2010), we predicted that novel stimuli would be more positively evaluated when focused on growth as compared with security familiar negatively security. This occur, at least in part, because of changes category breadth. We tested effects several variables linked to evaluations stimuli. Using a subliminal mere exposure paradigm, results showed were promotion prevention (Experiments...

Within the literature on emotion and behavioral action, studies approach-avoidance take up a prominent place. Several experimental paradigms feature successful conceptual replications but many original have not yet been replicated directly. We present such direct replication attempt of two seminal experiments originally conducted by Chen Bargh (1999). In their first experiment, participants affectively evaluated attitude objects pulling or pushing lever. Participants who had to pull lever...

Mere exposure, generally, entails influences of familiarity manipulations on affective dependent variables. Previously (Phaf & Rotteveel, 2005 Phaf, R. H. and M. 2005. Affective modulation recognition bias. Emotion, 5: 309–318. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), we have argued that corresponds intrinsically to positive affect, extended the correspondence novelty negative affect. Here, present two experiments show reverse effects perceived familiarity. In Experiment 1...

Recent research has shown that individuals are prepared to incur costs punish non‐cooperators, even in one‐shot interactions. However, why would people non‐cooperators with no apparent benefits for the punishers themselves? This behavior is also known as altruistic punishment. When defection discovered, an individual evaluates this act unfair, which could result anger. We argue although unfairness and anger often intertwined, it primarily experience of not perception produces briefly present...

Increasing evidence indicates that evaluation of affective stimuli facilitates the execution affect-congruent approach and avoidance responses, vice versa. These effects are proposed to be mediated by increases or decreases in relative distance stimulus, due participant's action. In a series experiments we investigated whether stimulus categorisation is similarly influenced when changes this movement instead movements participant. Participants responded happy angry faces appeared (move...