A daily gridded precipitation dataset covering a period of more than 57 yr was created by collecting and analyzing rain gauge observation data across Asia through the activities Asian Precipitation—Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation Water Resources (APHRODITE) project. APHRODITE's is presently only long-term, continental-scale, high-resolution product. The product based on collected at 5,000–12,000 stations, which represent 2.3–4.5 times made available Global...

A daily gridded precipitation dataset for 1961-2004 was created by collecting rain gauge observation data across Asia through the activities of Asian Precipitation—Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation Water Resources (APHRODITE) project. Our number valid stations between 5000 and 12,000, representing 2.3 to 4.5 times available Global Telecommunication System network, which were used most grid products. APHRODITE's (APHRO_V0902) is only long-term (1961 onward)...

Abstract Conventionally, the heaviest rainfall has been linked to tallest, most intense convective storms. However, global picture of linkage between extreme and convection remains unclear. Here we analyse an 11-year record spaceborne precipitation radar observations establish that a relatively small fraction events produces rates in any region tropics subtropics. Robust differences are found characteristics environmental conditions, irrespective region; characterized by less with echoes not...

We constructed historical (1900–) high-resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) daily precipitation data over the Japanese land area as part of product "Asian Precipitation – Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation Water Resources" (APHRODITE) project. This APHRO_JP is derived from rain gauge observations and intended to accurately represent both mean extreme values. Due new interpolation techniques developed in APHRODITE, estimation accuracy for orographic improved, bias...

Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of enhancement in detectability by dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dB Z —artificially to 6 months GPM DPR measurements, occurrence volume increase ~21.1% ~1.9%, respectively, between 40°S 40°N. is found be able detect light precipitation, which mainly consists distinct types. One type shallow most significant for...

A polarization lidar was continuously operated aboard the research vessel Mirai in tropical western Pacific over three northern winters: at 2.0°N, 138.0°E during November and December 2001; 138.5°E 2002; 7.5°N, 134.0°E 2004 January 2005. Intensive radiosonde soundings were made from 3‐h intervals all campaigns. The mechanisms that underlie observed variations cirrus tropopause layer (TTL) are discussed viewpoint of large‐scale dynamics transport. During 2001 campaign, region cold, but TTL...

Abstract Characteristics and global distribution of regional extreme rainfall are presented using 12 yr the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) measurements. By considering each event as a set contiguous PR rainy pixels, characteristic values for obtained. Regional events defined those in which maximum near-surface rates higher than corresponding 99.9th percentile on 2.5° × horizontal-resolution grid. The geographical shows clear differences. size volumetric...

Abstract Lookup tables for estimating the cloud-top height and visible optical thickness of upper-tropospheric clouds by infrared brightness temperature TB at 10.8 μm (T11) its difference from 12 (ΔT11–12) measured a geostationary satellite are presented. These lookup were constructed regressing cloud radar measurements CloudSat over Japanese multifunctional transport MTSAT-1R. Standard deviations around estimates also displayed as an indicator ambiguity in estimates. For with T11 <...

The precipitation characteristics of extreme events in August determined from 13 years satellite data around Japan the TRMM observation region and their relationship with large-scale environmental conditions are examined. Two types events, rainfall convective defined each analysis grid box using maximum near-surface 40-dB Z echo-top height event, respectively. There clear differences between two events. Extreme more organized systems than relatively lower heights very low lightning activity....

Flooding is one of the most frequent and devastating hydrological disasters, significantly impacting human lives environment. Flood risk analysis vital for mitigation efforts, as it identifies areas with a higher likelihood flood hazard occurrence exposure. A semi-quantitative approach integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) within GIS framework provides practical solution in ungauged basins limited data computational resources risks mapping. This study aims to apply Fuzzy...

This study investigates the global drop size distribution (DSD) of rainfall and its relationship to large-scale precipitation characteristics using Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) onboard Global Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory. focuses on seasonal variations in dominant systems regarding DSD. A mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm), which is estimated based dualfrequency information derived from GPM/DPR, statistically analyzed as a typical parameter Values annual Dm, general, are...

Abstract In this study, the spatial variability in precipitation at a 0.1° scale is investigated using long-term data from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar. Marked regional heterogeneities emerged for orographic rainfall on characteristic scales of tens kilometers, high concentrations small-scale systems (<10 km) over alpine areas, and sharp declines around mountain summits. detecting microclimates, an additional concern suspicious echoes observed certain...

Abstract This study reports on the presence of suspicious “extreme rainfall” data in 2A25 version-7 (V7) product Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar (PR) dataset and introduces a simple method for detecting filtering out data. These V7 are found by comparing extreme rainfall characteristics version-6 products. Most extremes located over land, especially mountainous regions. Radar reflectivities show significant monotonic increases toward echo bottom. facts indicate...

The life cycle of deep convective systems over the eastern tropical Pacific (30°N to 30°S, 180 90°W) was studied in terms cloud types, as classified by a split window (11 μm and 12 μm). Hourly image data Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-W) from January 2001 December 2002 used this study. Deep consist mostly optically thick cumulus type clouds earlier stage cirrus area that increases with time later stage. During analysis period area, system, large extent, can be...

Abstract Observations of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation Radar (TRMM PR) over 16 yr yielded hundreds large precipitation systems (≥100 km) for each 0.1° grid major rainy regions. More than 90% rainfall was attributed to certain midlatitude regions such as La Plata basin and East China Sea. The accumulation high-impact snapshots reduced significant spatial fluctuation rain fraction arising from allowed obtaining sharp images geographic pattern. Widespread were undetected...

The 5,8-difluoro (4), 5-iodo (5), 8-iodo (6), and 5-trifluoromethyl (7) derivatives of trimetoquinol (TMQ, 1) have been synthesized evaluated for their ability to stimulate beta 1 (guinea pig atria) 2 trachea) adrenoceptors as well inhibitory activity against U46619 [a thromboxane A2 (TXA2) mimetic]-mediated contraction rat thoracic aorta human platelet aggregation. Both 5 6 were considerably less active than TMQ on both beta-adrenergic systems gave a rank order stimulatory potency much...

Abstract Vertical motion W profiles in the stratiform precipitation region of mesoscale cloud clusters were investigated using wind data observed by VHF Doppler radar installed western Sumatra Island (0.2°S, 100.32°E). A special mode for observations was introduced November 2003, and with high accuracy obtained during most period, fine resolutions 3 min time 150 m vertical direction. The typical structure within nimbostratus case study 6, 8, 20 2003. In later 2 or h gentle upward motions...

Abstract We demonstrate that the rate of development cumulus clouds, as inferred from so‐called geostationary satellite “rapid‐scan” measurements, is a good proxy for convective cloud top vertical velocity related to deep clouds. Convective estimated decreasing infrared brightness temperature observed by Multi‐functional Transport SATellite‐1R (MTSAT‐1R) over ocean south Japan during boreal summer. The frequency distribution at each height shown distribute lognormally, and it consistent with...

Abstract Reproducibility of summer precipitation over northern Eurasia in climate models from phase 5 the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) is evaluated comparison with several observational and reanalysis datasets. All CMIP5 under- overestimate western eastern Eurasia, respectively, reproducibility measured using Taylor skill score largely determined by severity these west–east biases. The following are two possible causes for biases: very little cloud cover strong local...

Cloud-top height (CTH) variability in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) association with equatorial Kelvin waves is investigated using a new CTH dataset based on MTSAT-1R geostationary satellite measurements statistical look-up table constructed CloudSat measurements. We focus case Indian Ocean during October-December 2006, when shipboard radiosonde, TTL water vapor, and 95-GHz cloud radar were taken Mirai cruise for Study of MJO-convection Onset (MISMO) field campaign. At 10-15 km,...

Cloud types of tropical upper-tropospheric stratiform clouds (UTSCs) were estimated using split-window brightness temperatures (TB) measured by a geostationary satellite. For non-precipitating high clouds, cloud-top heights estimated. Observation-based estimation tables in terms 10.8 µm TB (T11) and the difference between T11 12 (ΔT = - T12) presented ship-borne cloud radar measurements conducted during three months warm-pool region. After defining height measurements, their detectabilities...