Background and Context: The use of block-based programming environments is purported to be a good way gently introduce novice computer programmers programming. A small, but growing body research examines the differences between text-based environments.Objective: Thus, purpose this study was examine overall effect versus on both cognitive affective student learning outcomes.Method: Five academic databases were searched identify literature meeting our inclusion criteria resulted in 13...

Having to deal with uncertainty is familiar scientists working in fields that range from the life sciences data science, but it can be difficult support students embrace and make sense of middle school classroom. In this article, we argue teaching about science education not only beneficial necessary for helping develop a deeper understanding scientific reasoning analysis. We introduce ABCs Data—Account what you know, Be open evidence, Consider your confidence—a framework designed help...

Abstract This article describes a novel method for quantifying fixation disparity and evaluates its role in visuospatial cognition during an authentic learning task, specifically, the determination of molecule chirality organic chemistry involving mental rotation pattern comparison. The first study examined influence molecular model dimensionality (2D vs. 3D) on performance visual attention 55 participants. second explored how sustained playing tile‐matching game Mahjong, comparison game,...

Background and context Researchers have been looking into the complexity of computer science (CS) education tried to apply rigorous relevant educational research methods understand facilitate learning experience students.Objective The purpose this study was explore college students' conceptions CS shed light on student activities, feelings, contexts, beliefs about their learning.Method Draw-a-picture technique used as an emerging in education. Using a modified coding checklist, we analyzed...

In wireless sensor networks, in order to satisfy the requirement of long working time energy-limited nodes, we need design an energy-efficient and lifetime-extended medium access control (MAC) protocol. this paper, a node cooperation mechanism that one or multiple nodes with higher channel gain sufficient residual energy help sender relay its data packets recipient is employed achieve objective. We first propose transmission power optimization algorithm prolong network lifetime by optimizing...

In Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), directional antenna is a good solution if longer transmission distance needed. When vehicles are equipped with antennas, however, complete paths from the sources to destinations there may not exist. Epidemic routing protocol considered as one of well‐performed protocols when networks intermittently connected but it can cause heavy load network and great energy consumption nodes. First in this paper, we propose novel neighbor discovery algorithm which...

In Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs), directional antenna is a good solution if longer transmission distance needed. When nodes are equipped with antennas, however, neighbor discovery becomes challenging especially for the decentralized networks. most existing studies on switch their antennas to different sectors either randomly or in predefined sequences, and steering time of each sector same. However, they cannot guarantee performance when not uniformly deployed mobility pure random. For...

To solve intra-cluster and inter-cluster transmission collision problems in vehicular ad-hoc networks, this paper proposes a novel cluster-based collision-free multichannel medium access control (CCFM-MAC) protocol. All nodes are grouped into different clusters based on the link expiration times with their neighbors. Adjacent use channels to avoid interference. A cluster head (CH) is charge of assigning time slots its members according state relative location achieve packet transmissions...

Abstract To improve the efficiency of node cooperation and multiple access performance in multihop wireless networks, a rapid cooperation-differentiated medium control (MAC) protocol is proposed. In protocol, helper selection process divided into priority differentiation phase contention resolution for helpers with same priority. A higher can choose an earlier minislot to send busy tone. As result, promptly selects all highest helpers. The use any existing collision scheme, such as k -round...

This paper describes a neighbor-area search algorithm based on the tree structure for task scheduling of satellite ground station systems. Compared with traditional ones, it can get optimal schedule much faster while keeping delay and success rate almost same. Thus ability real-time planning systems be greatly enhanced, particularly massive tasks.

In the bearings-only target tracking, wireless sensor network (WSN) collects observations of direction at various nodes and uses an adaptive filter to combine them for tracking. An efficient management is necessary gain optimal tradeoff between locating accuracy energy consumption. This article proposes a self-organizing tracking algorithm select most beneficial subset track every snapshot. Compared with traditional methods, this scheme avoids need keeping global position information as in...

 Abstract—Multicasting, which is a one-to-many communication, motivated by the increasing importance of real-time and multimedia applications with different QoS requirements. The metric considered in this work bandwidth. We approach problem assuming common channel shared all hosts under TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) model. In paper, we propose new TDMA-based multicast routing algorithm--PSLCB, aims at minimizing number forwarders so as to reduce bandwidth consumption. Simulations...

In wireless ad hoc networks, cooperative transmission is an efficient way to increase information reliability and improve network throughput. However, the packet collisions caused by contention of multiple nodes limit this advantage. paper, a distributed MAC (CMAC) protocol with relay collision avoidance proposed. Based on statistical probability channel gains between any two nodes, new method for calculating waiting time Each node relays sender according its cooperation capability. The can...

To meet the requirements of society development and train creative comprehensive persons with ability qualification, various ways methods are sought to improve teaching quality effect. Currently, research has already become one hotspots effective solutions among them. With focus on realizing teaching, paper presents its realization adjustment based feedback information during class after class, learning resources, platforms. Furthermore, mechanism evaluate effect is presented.

In the target tracking, nodes aggregate their observations of directions arrival target. The network then uses an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to combine measurements from multiple snapshots track order rapidly select best subset localize with minimum mean square position error and low power consumption, this paper proposes a simple algorithm, which location information network. lower bound localization is utilized according distances between selected active nodes. Furthermore, direction...

In wireless mesh network, allowing multiple non-overlapping frequency channels to be used simultaneously can improve the network throughput. However, how reduce inference is still a challenge. order solve interference problem, paper presents k-connected topology with minimum and smart channel assignment algorithm. It also bandwidth-aware multi-path Optimized Link State Routing (MP-OLSR) route solution. Simulation results show that compared common normal OLSR routing approach, MP-OLSR scheme...

Classroom practice has been and is being influenced by a wide variety of educationalmethods. While each strategy works towards its own objectives, it considers thecontributions the others. Having strong rapport between teacher student muchmore crucial than having excellent teaching tactics. When exceptional professors, or evenbetter, instructors, are partnered with similarly competent students, they mayaccomplish miracles via mutually beneficial exchange information abilities. Greatteachers...

To improve cooperative efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks, a relay-optimized MAC (RO-CMAC) protocol is proposed this paper. In the protocol, an optimal relay selected through two or three contention phases case of low data rate direct transmission from sender to its recipient. first phase, all relays with highest rates and recipient are selected. Then second phase performed decide whether winning have their own packets send. If have, third using efficient k-round resolution (k-CR) scheme...

In the sparse wireless sensor networks, it is difficult to utilize only a few fixed nodes achieve high-precision target localization due limited number of optional nodes. This paper proposes an optimization algorithm multi-observer trajectories for collaborative bearings-only minimize expected filtered RMS position error. The rule search scope optimal positions observers proposed, based on and bearing distributing relationships. Computer simulations demonstrate that proposed has better...

To solve performance degradation caused by the hidden and exposed terminal problems in medium access control (MAC) protocol flooding problem routing for wireless mesh networks., this paper proposes a location cluster-based MAC protocol. All nodes are divided into different clusters based on connection time of communication links between neighbor nodes. According to state geographic each cluster., slots allocated cluster head eliminate achieve conflict-free transmissions data packets. In...

With the rapid development of national economy, increasing income, total vehicle population, growing problem urban parking difficult, advanced control technology in management system use is more practical significant. Parking by systematic investigation and research at home or abroad, as well similar analysis design technology, this paper wireless sensor network based on related to technical analysis, then designing hardware circuit corresponding software, finally, new has been designed realized.

Sensor position uncertainty can degrade the accuracy of source localization significantly in wireless sensor networks In order to improve it, this paper develops an algorithm by collaborating TDOA and GROA measurements for presence location errors, derives CRLB a estimate condition, also proposes algebraic closed-form solution it. The proposed is shown analytically reach far field source. simulation results support theoretical development show better performance comparing with other algorithms.

The research of routing planning for satellites and ground stations always treats the whole process as two independent parts: transmission from to in networks. separate causes problems that parts could not connect tightly delay is large. In order solve these problems, paper designs an integrated algorithm a whole. considers real-time link cost, calculates normalization matrix, searches best transmission. Simulation results show comparing with optimal solution, solution reduces task sequences...