Cold hardiness among zoysiagrass ( Zoysia spp.) genotypes varies, but the physiological basis for cold is not completely understood. The objective of this study was to determine relationship carbohydrate (starch, total soluble sugars, reducing sucrose, glucose, and raffinose family oligosaccharides) proline concentrations with acclimation lethal temperature killing 50% plants (LT 50 ). Thirteen were selected contrasting levels winter hardiness. Plants grown 4 wk 8/2°C day/night cycles a 10‐h...

Lack of cold hardiness may limit widespread use newly released zoysiagrass ( Zoysia spp.) cultivars in the transition zone. Our objectives were to quantify differences winter injury 35 genotypes field plots West Lafayette, IN, and freeze tolerance 13 a stress simulator as well determine relationship between leaf width, establishment rate, autumn growth with injury. Winter varied years among study. japonica Steud. had less each year than Z. matrella (L.) Merr. genotypes. Genotypes available...

Synthetic auxins such as 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) have been widely used for selective control of broadleaf weeds since the mid-1940s. In 2009, an Amaranthus tuberculatus (common waterhemp) population with 10-fold resistance to 2,4-D was found in Nebraska, USA. The mechanism examined by conducting [14 C] absorption, translocation and metabolism experiments.No differences were absorption or between resistant susceptible A. plants. Resistant plants metabolized more rapidly than...

Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon var (L.) Pers.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) cultivars established by seed are desirable for golf athletic turfs because of minimum establishment costs, but little is known about their management during establishment. Seeding dates, seeding rates, post-seeding N fertility, herbicide safety on seedling 'Mirage' bermudagrass 'Zenith' were investigated in Indiana Kentucky. Under the conditions our studies, optimum occurred when seeded 1 June to 15 July...

A barrier to widespread zoysiagrass (Zoysia spp.) use is its slow establishment rate. Our objectives were quantify differences in rate of cultivars and genotypes as well determine the underlying factors associated with differential growth rates. Thirty-five transplanted into field plots June 2004 2005. Establishment stolon measured then four contrasting used for further analysis a chamber. Mean [loge (coverage) d−1] coverage (cm2) 91 d after planting (DAP) faster Z. japonica than matrella...

Genotypic variation in winter injury exists among zoysiagrasses ( Zoysia spp.), but the physiological basis for these differences is not understood. Our objective was to determine relationships between protein accumulation, polypeptide composition, and freeze tolerance of zoysiagrass. Thirteen genotypes zoysiagrass with contrasting cold hardiness were identified. Cold acclimation induced 4 wk 8/2°C day/night cycles a 10‐h photoperiod 300 μmol m −2 s −1 Rhizomes stolons harvested from...

Abstract Low‐input sustainable turf (LIST) management represents a resource‐efficient option in maintaining uniform, persistent turf. What species are best suited to such needs be established. To this end, 12 hardy were evaluated for 3 yr Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin: crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult. ‘Fairway’, ‘Ephraim’, ‘Ruff’], streambank [ Agropyron riparium Scribn. & Smith ‘Sodar’; syn. Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn....

Lawns are the largest managed turf acreage in USA. This large of fertilized has generated public concern regarding nitrogen (N) fertilizer misuse. 2-yr field study evaluated effects eight N programs that varied by amount, 0 to 196 kg ha−1 yr−1, and seasonal application timing on aboveground plant responses three cool-season lawn species: Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.; KBG), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne PRG), turf-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; TTTF). Significant...

Amicarbazone has potential for selective annual bluegrass control in cool-season turfgrasses, but seasonal application timings may influence efficacy. To test this hypothesis, field experiments New Jersey and Indiana investigated amicarbazone efficacy from fall or spring applications growth chamber the of temperature on Fall treatments were more injurious to creeping bentgrass Kentucky than applications, also efficacious control. In experiments, injury clipping weight reductions exacerbated...

ABSTRACT The fate and impact of Pseudomonas aureofaciens TX-1 following application as a biocontrol agent for fungi in turfgrass were studied. organism was applied with modified irrigation system by using preparation containing 1 × 10 6 P. CFU ml −1 about 100 times between May August. We examined the this repeated introduction (which is known to produce antimicrobial compound phenazine-1-carboxylic acid) on indigenous microbial community establishment introduced bacteria soil system. A PCR...

Ground ivy is a stoloniferous, perennial weed that persists in lawn turf. With the widespread use of 2,4-D on turf sites, development 2,4-D–tolerant ground possibility. populations showed highly variable response to foliar application. from Nebraska (NE) was tolerant 2,4-D, whereas Ohio (OH) susceptible. The 2,4-D–susceptible OH population absorbed 37% more foliar-applied 14 C–2,4-D than NE population. Although and total translocation applied C similar averaged 5%, translocated 42% toward...

There are limited options for controlling large crabgrass in spring-seeded cool-season turf. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness dithiopyr quinclorac control Kentucky bluegrass perennial ryegrass stands. Quinclorac at 0.84 kg/ha 0.56 were applied separately various times prior seeding after emergence ryegrass. once 2, 4, 8, or 12 weeks (WAE) split-applied preplant incorporated (PPI) + WAE will give season-long with no injury PPI 0 is safe use spring...

Common purslane is a widely distributed summer annual weed. It can reproduce vegetatively from stem cuttings by forming adventitious roots the cut end of stem. Apart large cuttings, it unclear whether various plant tissues differ in their ability to asexually. The objective study was determine survival and asexual reproductive capacity cuttings. A greenhouse evaluated three two locations leaf one location for new growth after 21 d. Cuttings included node with either leaves attached or...

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is a problematic weed on golf courses, sports turf, sod production fields, and irrigated lawns, but few options exist for control of annual in Kentucky pratensis L.). However, mesotrione has shown promising activity against adequate turf safety bluegrass. Experiments were completed from 2004 through 2010 Urbana, IL, and/or West Lafayette, IN, to refine application strategies with the fall. Though acceptable (> 80%) was obtained some experiments, inconsistent...

Little documentation exists on the success of seeding cool-season turfgrasses in late fall, winter and spring. The objectives these two studies were to document Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne tall fescue Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) at less-than-optimum times year, determine if N P fertilizer requirements vary with date bluegrass. `Ram I' bluegrass, `Fiesta' ryegrass, `Mustang' seeded 1 Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec., Mar., Apr., May ± 2 days beginning...

Core Ideas Aerification of golf course putting greens in the summer rather than early fall does not decrease annual bluegrass cover. Monthly applications iron sulfate were ineffective at reducing bluegrass. Methiozolin, paclobutrazol, or bispyribac-sodium provided greatest reduction when used over multiple years. Annual (Poa annua L.; ABG) is among most common weeds highly maintained turf United States. Though many labeled active ingredients exist for control fairways, few options greens....

Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) may be the most troublesome and studied weed on golf courses in United States. Given genetic variability of annual its ability to adapt different environments, it is important understand how control methods vary across environments or regions. Our objective was evaluate seven season‐long regimes herbicide growth regulators for creeping bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera Huds.) putting greens over 3 4 years three states midwestern Depending product, applications...

Abstract Annual bluegrass (ABG) ( Poa annua L.) is a prolific seed producer in the spring on golf courses that turn decreases aesthetic quality and trueness of ball roll cool‐season putting greens. Proxy (ethephon) applied twice after green‐up current industry standard loss Embark (mefluidide) from turf ornamental market. However, plant growth regulators including have been used for years to help suppress ABG seedheads with inconsistent success. The primary objective this study was determine...

Though fungicides are regularly applied to creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf throughout a growing season, little is known about possible non‐target effects of these applications on turfgrass growth and metabolism. The objective this field study was determine the effect 3 yr multiple ‘Penncross’ maintained under putting green conditions native silt loam soil. Benomyl [methyl‐1‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazolecarbamate] at 3.05 kg ha −1 , iprodione [3‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐ N...

Ground ivy is a common broadleaf weed that disrupts turf uniformity and difficult to control. The objective of this field research was evaluate cultural chemical control ground ivy. Increasing annual nitrogen fertilizer applications from 0 196 293 kg·ha -1 reduced cover by 24% 32%, respectively. At 26 weeks after treatment, 1.1 isoxaben applied in May limited spread 34% compared the Triclopyr, 2,4-D, or fluroxypyr at highest-labeled rate October provided superior following May. Combining an...

Zoysiagrass ( Zoysia japonica Steud.) requires few inputs and provides high-quality turf in the transition zone, but is expensive to sprig or sod. Establishment by seed less than vegetative establishment, little known about renovation of existing zoysiagrass using seed. Two experiments were performed determine effects herbicides seeding rates on establishment Indiana Kentucky. In first experiment, interseeding into perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L.) without use glyphosate before resulted...

Roughstalk bluegrass ( Poa trivialis L.) is a troublesome weed on golf courses, home lawns, and athletic fields from the Midwest to mid-Atlantic states. Bispyribac-sodium sulfosulfuron have recently been labeled for roughstalk control, but their use needs be refined. Our objective was determine most effective herbicide strategies control of bluegrass. Initial studies were conducted during 2005 in Illinois Indiana follow-up 2006 Indiana, Illinois, South Dakota (partial shade full sun),...