The authors hypothesized that both narcissism and high self-esteem are associated with positive self-views but each is positivity in different domains of the self. Narcissists perceive themselves as better than average on traits reflecting an agentic orientation (e.g., intellectual skills, extraversion) not those a communal agreeableness, morality). In contrast, high-self-esteem individuals traits. Three studies confirmed hypothesis. Study 1, narcissists rated extraverted open to experience...

The culture movement challenged the universality of self-enhancement motive by proposing that is pervasive in individualistic cultures (the West) but absent collectivistic East). present research posited Westerners and Easterners use different tactics to achieve same goal: positive self-regard. Study 1 tested participants from differing cultural backgrounds United States vs. Japan), 2 self-construals (independent interdependent). Americans independents self-enhanced on attributes, whereas...

Experiments testing the self-serving bias (SSB; taking credit for personal success but blaming external factors failure) have used a multitude of moderators (i.e., role, task importance, outcome expectancies, self-esteem, achievement motivation, self-focused attention, choice, perceived difficulty, interpersonal orientation, status, affect, locus control, gender, and type). The present meta-analytic review established viability pervasiveness SSB and, more important, organized 14 just listed...

Self-enhancement denotes a class of psychological phenomena that involve taking tendentiously positive view oneself. We distinguish between four levels self-enhancement-an observed effect, an ongoing process, personality trait, and underlying motive-and then use these distinctions to organize the wealth relevant research. Furthermore, render intuitive, we draw extended analogy self-enhancement phenomenon eating. Among topics address are (a) manifestations self-enhancement, both obvious...

Five studies established that normal narcissism is correlated with good psychological health.Specifically, is: (a) inversely related to daily sadness and dispositional depression, (b) loneliness, (c) positively subjective well-being as well couple wellbeing, (d) anxiety, (e) neuroticism.More importantly, self-esteem fully accounted for the relation between health.Thus, beneficial health only insofar it associated high self-esteem.Explanations of main mediational findings in terms response or...

The 3 major self-evaluation motives were compared: self-assessment (people pursue accurate self-knowledge), self-enhancement favorable and self-verification highly certain self-knowledge). Ss considered the possession of personality traits that either positive or negative central peripheral by asking themselves questions varied in diagnosticity (the extent to which could discriminate between a trait its alternative) confirmation value confirmed trait)

Participants listened to randomly selected excerpts of popular music and rated how nostalgic each song made them feel. Nostalgia was stronger the extent that a autobiographically salient, arousing, familiar, elicited greater number positive, negative, mixed emotions. These effects were moderated by individual differences (nostalgia proneness, mood state, dimensions Affective Neurosciences Personality Scale, factors Big Five Inventory). proneness predicted experiences, even after controlling...

Traditionally, nostalgia has been conceptualized as a medical disease and psychiatric disorder. Instead, we argue that is predominantly positive, self-relevant, social emotion serving key psychological functions. Nostalgic narratives reflect more positive than negative affect, feature the self protagonist, are embedded in context. Nostalgia triggered by dysphoric states such mood loneliness. Finally, generates increases self-esteem, fosters connectedness, alleviates existential threat.

Four studies tested whether nostalgia can counteract reductions in perceived social support caused by loneliness. Loneliness reduced perceptions of but increased nostalgia. Nostalgia, turn, support. Thus, loneliness affected two distinct ways. Whereas the direct effect was to reduce support, indirect increase via This restorative function particularly apparent among resilient persons. Nostalgia is a psychological resource that protects and fosters mental health.

The present research tested the proposition that nostalgia serves an existential function by bolstering a sense of meaning in life. Study 1 found was positively associated with 2 experimentally demonstrated increases In both studies, link between and increased life mediated feelings social connectedness. 3 evidenced threatened nostalgia. 4 illustrated nostalgia, turn, reduces defensiveness following threat. Finally, Studies 5 6 showed disrupts deficits compromised psychological well-being....

Nostalgia fulfills pivotal functions for individuals, but lacks an empirically derived and comprehensive definition. We examined lay conceptions of nostalgia using a prototype approach. In Study 1, participants generated open-ended features nostalgia, which were coded into categories. 2, rated the centrality these categories, subsequently classified as central (e.g., memories, relationships, happiness) or peripheral daydreaming, regret, loneliness). Central (as compared with peripheral) more...

Individuals who are low (compared with high) in attachment-related avoidance rely on social bonds to regulate distress, and the authors hypothesized that nostalgia can be a repository of such connectedness. Studies 1-3 showed positive association between loneliness when was low, but not it high. Study 4 revealed low-avoidance individuals derived more connectedness from than did high-avoidance individuals. 5 extended these findings demonstrated that, addition being source connectedness,...

This research examined the proposition that nostalgia is not simply a past-oriented emotion, but its scope extends into future, and, in particular, positive future. We adopted convergent validation approach, using multiple methods to assess relation between and optimism. Study 1 tested whether nostalgic narratives entail traces of optimism; indeed, (compared with ordinary) contained more expressions 2 manipulated through recollection (vs. events, showed boosts 3 demonstrated effect (induced...

Research has identified a large number of strategies that people use to self-enhance or self-protect. We aimed for an empirical integration these strategies. Two studies used self-report items assess all commonly recognized self-enhancement self-protection In Study 1 (N=345), exploratory factor analysis 4 reliable factors. 2 (N=416), this model was validated using confirmatory analysis. The factors related differentially the key personality variables regulatory focus, self-esteem, and...

Abstract Nostalgia, a sentimental longing for personally experienced and valued past, is social emotion. It refers to significant others in the context of momentous life events fosters sense connectedness. On this basis, authors hypothesized that (1) nostalgia promotes charitable intentions behavior, (2) effect mediated by empathy with charity’s beneficiaries. Five studies assessed on empathy, volunteer donate, as well tangible behavior. Results were consistent hypotheses. Study 1 found...

Nostalgia—defined as sentimental longing for one's past—is a self-relevant, albeit deeply social, and an ambivalent, more positive than negative, emotion. As nostalgia brings the past into present focus, it has existential implications. Nostalgia helps people find meaning in their lives, does so primarily by increasing social connectedness (a sense of belongingness acceptance), secondarily augmenting self-continuity connection between present). Also, nostalgia-elicited facilitates pursuit...

Abstract Nostalgia is a resource that functions, in part, as response to self‐discontinuity and source of self‐continuity. We tested supported this regulatory role nostalgia the tradition establishing causal chain. In Study 1, we examined naturalistic association between events precipitating nostalgia. Self‐discontinuity, especially when stemming from negative life events, was associated with higher proneness 2, experimentally induced (i.e. relatively disruptive), positive non‐disruptive) or...