A theoretical model was developed estimating the scattering by seawater that are due to concentration fluctuation. Combining with proposed for density fluctuation (Optics Express, 17, 1671, 2009), we evaluated overall effect of sea salts on scattering. The variation salinity is a combination two factors: decreasing contribution and increasing fluctuation, latter dominating. trend is, however, slightly non-linear linear adjustment frequently used would lead an underestimate average 2%....

Since the first report in 2008, macroalgal blooms of Ulva prolifera (often called green tides) Yellow Sea have occurred every year, with their origins, transport pathways, temporal changes, as well causes and consequences studied extensively. Of these studies, satellite remote sensing has been used widely to detect bloom presence quantify size (i.e., U. coverage km2 or biomass kilotons). However, substantial variability found refereed literature methodology, results, interpretation coverage,...

Since 2008, macroalgal blooms of Ulva prolifera (also called green tides) occurred every summer in the Yellow Sea (YS), causing environmental and economic problems. A number studies have used satellite observations to estimate severity through estimating bloom size duration. However, a critical parameter, namely biomass, has never been objectively determined due lack measurements. In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted measure U. biomass (wet weight) per unit area corresponding...

The use of density derivative the refractive index from classic Lorentz-Lorenz equation or its variations performed poorly in estimating scattering by water, leading to alternative pressure instead, which however has been scarcely measured due extremely low sensitivity. Recently, deduced directly theoretical models. Three characterizations were evaluated and water thus calculated converge with each other within 3.5% agree measurement Morel (Cahiers Oceanographiques, 20, 157, 1968) 2% (with...

Since the outbreak of a large-scale Ulva prolifera bloom in Yellow Sea during Qingdao Olympic Sailing Competition summer 2008, blooms have been marine hazard every summer. Accurate and timely information on areal coverage biomass is critical importance for governmental responses, decision making, field studies. Previous studies shown that satellite remote sensing most effective method this purpose, yet has estimated different ways with significantly results. The objective paper to determine...

Variable marine environmental conditions, particularly at the sea surface, present considerable challenges to cross-media laser transmission. This study simulates uplink transmission through a seawater-sea surface-air channel via ray tracing and Monte Carlo methods, with an emphasis on impacts of surface channel. A spatial model is introduced, which uses wave spectrum fast Fourier transform technology, results are compared against those classical statistical model. The validity applicability...

A new model for seawater scattering was developed, in which Gibbs function used exclusively to derive the thermodynamic parameters that are associated with density fluctuation. Because determined empirically from highly accurate measurements of a group variables and is valid S(A) up 120 g kg(-1) (Deep-Sea Research I, 55, 1639, 2008), we expect also over extended range salinity. The agrees by Morel (Cahiers Oceanographiques, 20, 157, 1968) an average difference -0.6% S = 0 2.7% 38.4. as...

Abstract The volume scattering functions for bulk and two submicron size fractions (passing through 0.7 μm GF/F 0.2 membrane filters) were measured in the North Pacific Ocean using a LISST‐VSF to assess contributions by particles overall particle scattering. contribution increased generally with angle peaked around 110°. total backscattering both did not vary, but that larger increased, trophic level. Consequently, fractional decreased from approximately 50% 30% as chlorophyll‐a...

The Zhang et al. model [Optics Express, 17, 5698-5710 (2009)] for calculating light scattering by seawater does not account pressure, which should, theoretically, affect molecular scattering. While negligible in near surface waters, the error associated with this approximation could be significant when backscattering is measured directly deep ocean, CTD casts or biogeochemical-Argo floats, example. We updated parameterization using (1) Millard and Seaver equation refractive index of [Deep...

Optical models for the retrieval of shallow water bottom depth and albedo using multispectral data usually require in situ to tune model parameters. In South China Sea (SCS), however, such are often lacking or obsolete (perhaps from half a century ago) most coastal waters around its islands reefs. Here, we combine collected by MODIS Landsat estimate four coral reef regions SCS, with results partially validated some scarce data. The these remote oligotrophic whose optical properties can be...

The performance of the near-infrared (NIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) combined atmospheric correction algorithm (NIR-SWIR) for Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Aqua over Eastern China Seas (ECS) was evaluated. in situ data set evaluation this study collected during 2005 2012 through eight cruises ECS, wherein 49 observation points were successfully matched with MODIS-Aqua data. remote-sensing reflectance derived from using NIR-SWIR NIR compared to measurements...

The recently commercialized LISST-VSF instrument measures the volume scattering function (VSF) from 0.1° to 15° with a traditional laser diffraction unit (LISST) and 155° an eyeball component. Between these two optical components, only LISST is calibrated. measurements are scaled using VSFs at that measured by both components. As this relative calibration relies on valid measurement LISST, it might fail in clear oceanic waters, where forward weak either due lack of large particles or overall...

Accurate Noctiluca scintillans bloom (NSB) recognition from space is of great significance for marine ecological monitoring and underwater target detection. However, most existing NSB models require expert visual interpretation or manual adjustment model thresholds, which limits application in operational monitoring. To address these problems, we developed a Bloom Recognition Network (NSBRNet) incorporating an Inception Conv Block (ICB) Swin Attention (SAB) based on the latest deep learning...

Increased scattering by seawater relative to that pure water is primarily due additional fluctuation of the refractive index contributed sea salts. Salts with different ionic weight and sizes, while barely affecting density fluctuations, have a significant effect on concentration fluctuations. And this explains major differences their total would be observed. Scattering solutions NaCl, salt, consistently about 6.7% 4% lower than same mass index, respectively. Because interactions, molecular...

Understanding the optimal wavelength for detecting water column profile from a light detection and ranging (lidar) system is important in design of oceanographic lidar systems. In this research, using at global scale was analyzed based on inherent optical properties water. addition, assuming that had premium characteristic its hardware design, maximum detectable depth established compared with mixed layer measured by Argo data scale. The conclusions drawn are as follows: first, wavelengths...

Properly interpreting lidar (light detection and ranging) signal for characterizing particle distribution relies on a key parameter, χp(π), which relates the particulate volume scattering function (VSF) at 180° (βp(π)) that measures to backscattering coefficient (bbp). However, χp(π) has been seldom studied due challenges in accurately measuring βp(π) bbp concurrently field. In this study, as well its spectral dependence, was re-examined using VSFs measured situ high angular resolution wide...

Volume scattering functions were measured using two instruments in waters near the Ocean Station Papa (50°N 145°W) and show consistency estimating <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mi>χ</mml:mi> </mml:math> factor attributable to particles ( <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> ). While study area exhibits a limited variability, it could vary significantly when compared with data obtained...

The construction of a radiometric degradation model is vital for elucidating the performance alterations ocean color satellite sensors following in-orbit operations. Chinese satellites HaiYang-1C (HY1C) and HaiYang-1D (HY1D), operating as afternoon morning satellites, respectively, conduct networked observations global ocean. However, there has been limited analysis each sensor on HY1C/D. Therefore, to understand change sensor, this study relies Satellite Calibration Spectrometer (SCS),...

A laboratory experiment was conducted to obtain a floating algae index (FAI) of the macroalgae (Ulva prolifera), corresponding various values biomass per unit area (BPA). piecewise empirical model used fit statistical relationships between BPA and FAI, FAI ≤ 0.2 (BPA 1.81kg/m2) ˃ 1.81 kg/m2). Spectral mixing derived results show that linear relationship is maintained when endmembers less than kg/m2. However, exceeds kg/m2, there substantial uncertainty in optical remote estimation biomass....

Red Noctiluca scintillans (RNS) is one of the major red tide species and dominant bioluminescent plankton in global offshore. Bioluminescence offers a number applications for ocean environment assessments such as interval waves study, fish stocks evaluation underwater target detection making it significant interest forecasting bioluminescence occurrence intensity. RNS susceptible to changes marine environmental factors. However, effects factors on intensity (BLI, photon s −1 ) individual...

Particle size distribution (PSD) is a fundamental property that affects almost every aspect of the marine ecosystem, including ecological trophic interactions and transport organic matter trace elements. We measured PSDs using suite seven instruments in waters near Ocean Station Papa Northeast Pacific Ocean. These their sizing ranges are: Laser In-Situ Scattering Transmissometer (LISST)-Volume Function meter (VSF) Multispectral Volume Meter (MVSM), both particles from 0.02 µm to 2000 µm;...

CircRNA is closely correlated with a wide variety of processes acute myeloid leukemia (AML), whereas the novel circRNAs, their molecular mechanism and specific function they played in AML should be explored depth.The microarray chip data patients normal samples Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were selected to differentially expressed (DE) circRNA, miRNA, mRNA genes. The miRNA gene was intersection circRNA target predicted using CSCD screened from patients, while miRanda miRTarBase...

The extraction of pigment characteristic spectra from the phytoplankton absorption spectrum has high application value in identification and classification quantitative concentrations. Derivative analysis, which been widely used this field, is easily interfered with by noisy signals selection derivative step, resulting loss distortion spectra. In study, a method based on one-dimensional discrete wavelet transform (DWT) was proposed to extract phytoplankton. DWT analysis were applied...