Individuals who discount delayed rewards at a high rate are more likely to engage in substance abuse, overeating, or problem gambling. Such findings suggest the value of methods obtain an accurate and fast measurement that can be easily deployed variety settings. In present study, we developed evaluated 5-trial adjusting delay task, novel method obtaining less than 1 min. We hypothesized rates from task would similar correlate with lengthier have used previously, 4 known effects relating...

Behavioral economic demand analyses that quantify the relationship between consumption of a commodity and its price have proven useful in studying reinforcing efficacy many commodities, including drugs abuse. An exponential equation proposed by Hursh Silberberg (2008) has quantifying dissociable components intensity elasticity, but is limited as an analysis technique inability to correctly analyze values zero. We examined exponentiated version this retains all beneficial features original...

Experimental assessments of demand allow the examination economic phenomena relevant to etiology, maintenance, and treatment addiction other pathologies (e.g., obesity). Although such have historically been resource intensive, development use purchase tasks-in which participants 1 or more hypothetical real commodities across a range prices-have made data collection practical increased rate scientific discovery. However, extraneous sources variability occasionally produce nonsystematic data,...

The study of delay discounting, or valuation future rewards as a function delay, has contributed to understanding the behavioral economics addiction. Accurate characterization discounting can be furthered by statistical model selection given that many functions have been proposed measure rewards. present provides convenient Bayesian algorithm selects most probable among set candidate models chosen researcher. approach assigns for each individual subject. Importantly, effective 50 (ED50)...

Hypothetical rewards are commonly used in studies of laboratory-based tobacco demand. However, behavioral economic demand procedures require confirmation that the behavior elicited from real and hypothetical reward types equivalent, results attained these comparable to other accepted tasks, such as purchase task.Nineteen smokers were asked 1 week's worth cigarettes they would consume over following week either at one price incrementally increased across four weekly sessions ("real" sessions)...

Impulsivity is widely regarded as a multidimensional trait that encompasses two or more distinct patterns of behavior, and dopaminergic systems are implicated in the expression impulsive behavior both humans animal subjects. Impulsive choice, tendency to choose rewards associated with relatively little no delay, has been extensively studied subjects using delay-discounting tasks. Here, procedures were used assess effects receptor-selective agonists, antagonists, dopamine transporter ligands...

Insufficient resources are associated with negative consequences including decreased valuation of future reinforcers. To determine if these effects result from scarcity, we examined the acute, abrupt changes in resource availability on delay discounting—the subjective devaluation rewards as to receipt increases. In current study, 599 individuals recruited Amazon Mechanical Turk read a narrative sudden change (positive, neutral, or negative) one's hypothetical income and completed discounting...

Background The delivery of monetary incentives contingent on verified abstinence is an effective treatment for alcohol use disorder. However, technological barriers to accurate, frequent biochemical verification have limited the dissemination this technique. Methods In present randomized parallel trial, we employed a breathalyzer that allows remote, user‐verified collection breath sample, text messaging, and reloadable debit cards remote evaluate contingency management disorder can be...

There is a large unmet medical need for cocaine addiction treatments. Studies have indicated that the dopamine transporter (DAT) primary biological target of cocaine, and most drugs DAT affinity behavioral effects like those cocaine. However, analogs benztropine high show varying degrees similarity to We now report discovery analog, JHW007, with does not cocaine-like antagonizes JHW007 occupied in vivo more slowly than did had reached an apparent plateau up 270 min after injection. The...

Behavioral economic studies of nicotine product consumption have traditionally examined substitution between two products and rarely with more products. Increasing numbers tobacco available for commercial sale leads to possible cross-product interactions, indicating a need examine in complex arrangements that closely mirror the marketplace.The experimental marketplace (ETM) is an online store displays pictures, information, prices several Smokers were endowed account balance based on their...