This article reports the research process, methodology and findings of a digital investigation Venetian merchant's journal ledger from first half fifteenth century. Several unexpected resulted, including cash account that had continuous credit balance for almost year, cessation two months during lengthy period when business appeared to downsize shrink before re-emerging after was restarted. The contributions this relate (1) its presentation can be utilised by anyone with an interest in...

ABSTRACT In 1494, Luca Pacioli was the first to describe accounting statements that he called “bilancio del libro” and “summa summarum.” While libro,” or trial balance, never raised doubts as its usefulness, obscure interpretation of summa summarum in treatise inclusion both by led varied perceptions value meaning this section his treatise. This paper presents results many years research archives merchant Prato, Francesco Datini's companies between 1363 1410. It reports finding earliest...

ABSTRACT This paper investigates impairment and depreciation accounting in the 13th to 15th century. It finds that first known instance of was 1321, while for depreciation, it 1399 not, as has previously been claimed, 1299. The study demonstrates difference approach at time between two forms adjustment shows original form reduction asset values, a applied situations where physical assets had lost, or deteriorated, devalued over reporting period. In contrast, algorithmic, linked time-based...

This article analyses the earliest known use of reserve accounting in late fourteenth century. It reveals dual purpose this reserve, entries made, including those made when was utilized and remainder written-back to be distributed owners following period. The research method is archival, using logical–analytical modelling a merchant’s records from 1392 1400. finds that initially an estimate costs had been incurred amount which unclear, it then extended act as suspense account balance ledger...

The purpose of the article is to analyze characteristic features Enlightenment in Russian accounting relation activity its outstanding representative Alexander Galagan, who followed motto, proclaimed essay “An Answer Question: What Enlightenment?” by Immanuel Kant, “Sapere aude!” (Dare know!). For first time English language literature, Galagan spoken about not only as a theorist but an historian and teacher. A detailed description his works views presented. article’s attention focused on...

ABSTRACT This paper examines the Profit on merchandise accounts (a forerunner of income statement) in a sole proprietorship Pisa that officially operated between 1386 and 1392, but took several months to finally end its activities, which it did 1393. The account was where balance each goods transferred when all items recorded were sold. principal contribution this is identification unique approach medieval product costing ensured indirect expenses recovered from customers sales place, while...

When studying accounting history, the use of archival sources is very important. Unfortunately, when scholars explore genesis practice, are not often used. This paper does so, presenting a detailed explanation features system used by Francesco di Marco Datini’s’ company in Avignon 14091410. stocktaking and double entry order to determination operating result produce an analytical balance sheet. study analyzed Quaderno Ragionamento (the book for drawing-up final accounts, including financial...

ABSTRACT This study examines how bookkeeping was used to determine the financial results of Datini Partnership in Pisa late 14th century. It highlights difference between accounting procedures a medieval partnership and individual enterprises over time. Building upon previous studies, analysis archival documents construction model flow information accounts account books reveals details firm complete picture calculation result 1394. The found that need for identify profits resulted change...

The issue of depreciation accounting in the era double-entry bookkeeping origin is one least studied.The main aim carrying out research to determine existence algorithm and method for calculating medieval companies, based on archival data, particularly, Francesco Datini's companies.The results were discovery archives libraries Italy four early examples charging, which relates impairment assets, other three are related distribution assets value according periods their useful life.The most...

There have been several studies in medieval bookkeeping practices. This paper adds to that literature by focusing on the treatment of errors ledger Medieval Italian merchant, Francesco di Marco Datini, most which were company’s for 1395-6. It shows that, contrary perception literature, accountants period not only detected errors, they devised methods address them ensured overall financial result reflected a fair presentation what had occurred; and did simply use account Profits losses as an...

Historical aspects of depreciation and impairment assets have been the subject a number scientific studies.A lot works considering this issue from time Roman architect Marcus Vitruvius Pollio.But, unfortunately, practice in Medieval Europe during period 12th-15th centuries were insufficiently investigated, which, according to authors, is quite unfair.It was formation double-entry bookkeeping, when emergence main elements modern accounting took place understanding need reflect results...

The purpose of the paper is to research into characteristic features evolution accounting education in Russia, identify main stages this historical process and their time limits.The formation considered as a purposeful being integral part reforms Peter Great, which tsar himself played leading role.It proved that training was carried out mainly by means practical study abroad mentoring.The story Ivan Thames, who taught youth, well Petr Rychkov, became author first Russian publication...