We analyze the first-order design of light sources consisting multiple light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to uniformly illuminate a near target plane by considering each single LED as an imperfect Lambertian emitter. Simple approximate equations and formulas are derived for optimum LED-to-LED spacing, i.e., packaging density, several array configurations achieve uniform near-field irradiance.

A thin-film optical filter used as a one-dimensional spatial is presented, and its design briefly examined. The consists of stack quarter-wave dielectric layers upon right-angle prism that selectively cancel reflected or transmitted plane-wave front for various angles incidence. Transmittance reflectance are low-pass functions high-pass the angle incidence with high degree steepness. In combination, these filters exhibit bandpass transmittance variable bandwidth. Applications to detection...

LED luminaires may deliver precise illumination patterns to control light pollution, comfort, visibility, and utilization efficiency. Here, we provide simple equations determine how the distributes in streets. In particular, model illuminance spatial distribution as a function of Cartesian coordinates on floor, road, or street. The show explicit dependence luminary position (pole height arm length), angle (fixture tilt), angular intensity profile (radiation pattern) luminary. To achieve...

In this work, we propose an evaluation method to identify departures from a parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC) with respect homemade prototype. It is convenient divide the detection plane into equal circular areas and consider centroid for tiny bundle of rays in center each area, so by using backward ray-tracing, find exact equations design object patterns that are projected onto PTSC produce reflection uniform predefined pattern plane. The displayed liquid crystal display forming set...

We report the testing of a fast off-axis surface based on null screen principles. Here we design tilted with drop shaped spots drawn it in such way that its image, which is formed by reflection test surface, becomes an exact square array circular if perfect. Any departure from this geometry indicative defects surface. whole tested at once. The has radius curvature r = 20.4 mm (F/0.206). departures best fit are shown; addition, show errors shape below 0.4 mum when determination coordinates...

Chromium and ruthenium-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Cr) (ZnO:Ru) thin solid films were deposited on soda-lime glass substrates by the sol-gel dip-coating method. A 0.6 M solution of acetate dihydrate dissolved in 2-methoxyethanol monoethanolamine was used as basic solution. (III) acetylacetonate Ruthenium trichloride doping sources. The Ru incorporation its distribution profile into proved SIMS technique. morphology structure studied SEM microscopy X-ray diffraction measurements, respectively....

We study the formation of caustic surfaces formed in both convex-plano and plano-convex conic lenses by considering a plane wave incident on lens along optical axis. By using formulas paraxial approximation, we derive analytic expressions to evaluate spherical aberration third order, formula reduce this is provided. Furthermore, apply circle least confusion for positive as function all parameters involved process refraction through lenses.

We study the formation of caustic surfaces formed in both convex-plano and plano-convex aspheric lenses by considering a plane wave incident on lens along optical axis. Using formulas paraxial approximation we derive expressions to evaluate spherical aberration at third-order also provide formula reduce it, where first-order term is given simply analytic equation. Furthermore, redefine method circle least confusion for positive as function all parameters involved process refraction through lenses.

We propose the design of tilted null screens for testing off-axis segments conic surfaces. The tilt allows us to control size screen and sensitivity test. For positive angles is increased while reduced in sagittal caustic region vice versa tangential region. Further analysis preliminary experimental results are presented a fast concave parabolic mirror with an elliptical aperture. An offset distance X(C) = 25.4 mm yields radius curvature at vertex R 20.4 mm; major axis D(M) 49.4 minor D(m) 29.5 mm.

We study the formation of caustic surfaces formed in both convex-plane and plano-convex spherical lenses by considering a plane wave incident on lens along optical axis. Using formulas paraxial approximation we derive analytical expressions to evaluate aberration third order. Furthermore, apply circle least confusion for positive lens.

Virtually all light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are encapsulated with a transparent epoxy or silicone gel. Here we analyze the optical efficiency of spherical encapsulants. We develop quasi-radiometric equation for light transmission efficiency, which incorporates some ideas Monte Carlo ray tracing into context radiometry. The approach includes extended source nature LED chip and radiance distribution. is an explicit function size refractive index package, also several parameters such as shape,...

In this work, we present an experimental method to characterize variable optical retarders, which can have linear or non-linear behavior of the retardance variation. A theoretical analysis such is presented using a combination Stokes vectors and Mueller matrixes for three different retarders. straightforward phase unwrapping, reconstructing original from measured retardance, proposed that yields high-accuracy results. This work be used in undergraduate optics lab help students understand...

So far, metalenses have only been studied in imaging optics, where a point from the object space is mapped to corresponding image space. Here we explore and metamirrors for dealing with optimal transfer of light energy. Owing its compactness high design flexibility, metasurface-based flat optics may open new opportunities nonimaging field, which deals concentration illumination. The building blocks are subwavelength-spaced scatterers. By suitably adjusting their shape, size, position,...

We propose a method for measuring the shape of freeform surfaces such as Progressive Addition Lenses (PAL). It is based on optical deflectometry by considering non-uniform pattern spots computed using null-screen method. This displayed flat LCD monitor being reflected under test and whose image recorded CCD camera placed at predefined off-axis position. use one to calibrate experimental setup another measure surface. develop an iterative algorithm retrieve surface calculate spherical...

Liquid crystal variable retarders (LCVRs) are often used in Stokes polarimeters as they allow the measurement of different polarization components by applying an electric field that manipulates induced retardance. However, optical retardance introduced these devices is general not homogenous across aperture. Another problem with this type fast-axis orientation homogenous, and it changes applied voltage. For optimization polarimeters, terms noise amplification from intensity measurements to...

We continue and extend Paper I [M. Avendaño-Alejo et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 1669-1674 (2002)] to the more general case where crystal axis is not parallel surface normal. The procedures derivations follow those of I. result enables one trace extraordinary rays in out a prism as well through whose refracting surfaces are planar.

The flux of energy given by the Poynting vector Se and kt-wave normal to geometrical wavefront for extraordinary ray propagating through uniaxial crystals can be evaluated using theory developed Avendaño-Alejo [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 19, 1668 (2002)] Stavroudis A19, 1674 (2002)]. We give here equations necessary evaluate general dispersion angle Se·kt. Additionally we define two new angles, Se·A kt·A, where is crystal axis vector. With these angles optical path length traversed in a...

A method to design Ronchi-Hartmann screens for improved alignment in the testing of fast plano-convex spherical lenses is presented. We null that produce aligned straight fringes observed patterns. The designs these are based on knowledge caustic by refraction. qualitative test a lens

We introduce a general closed-form analytic formula to design special lenses that generate spherical aberration-free extended images specified previously by the user. The considers arbitrary and non-conventional patterns. formalism is tested with well-established ray tracing techniques.

A new method to design Hartmann type null screens test either qualitatively or quantitatively fast plano-convex aspherical lenses is presented. We both radial and square that produce arrays of circular spots uniformly distributed at predefined planes, considering the CCD sensor solely placed inside caustic region. The designs these are based on knowledge by refraction exact ray tracing. also serve improve alignment in optical systems.

Huygens's principle is used to derive equations for tracing the extraordinary ray in a uniaxial crystal when axis normal refracting surface. Snell's law trace ordinary rays that lead an array of spherical wavelets centered on Each wavelet then replaced by shape rotationally symmetric ellipsoid whose major direction axis. The envelope these wave front; vector from center its point contact with front. inverse problem also solved, yielding expressions terms ray, making it possible out system...