Epilepsy is a chronic condition that consists of transient disorder brain function manifested by recurrent and unprovoked seizures affecting approximately 50 million people worldwide. Antiepileptic treatment aimed at possible improvement the quality life reducing epilepsy with lowest side effects. One newest broad spectrum antiepileptic drug (AED) for wide range epilepsies – focal, partial, myoclonic, tonic-clonic primary generalized can be used in both children adults levetiracetam....

Introduction Usher syndrome (USH) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), vision (retinitis pigmentosa), and occasional balance impairment. Depending on the severity onset of coexisting vestibular dysfunction, USH divided into three clinical types – USH1, USH2, USH3 as well atypical which combines features all these three. The purpose this review to present impact cochlear implantation speech development in children diagnosed with...

Background: Stroke is one of the main source chronic disability in adults and affects motor dysfunction including paresis upper limb. Currently, use new technologies becoming more widespread supports effects physical rehabilitation. The Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) widely used gold standard assessing functions limbs stroke patients. Aim study: purpose this review to present results limb rehabilitation using an exoskeleton on patients' based FMA-UE.Material methods: All...

Vitiligo is the most common cause of hipopigmentation occuring with a frequency 0.5-2% relying on impairment melanin production caused by loss melanocytes. Melanocytes are observed not only in skin's epidermis and hair follicles but also mucosa, uvea, mesencephalon structures inner ear – including stria vascularis, cochlea dark cell areas vestibular organs where they play role regulation auditory equilibrium functions. These rationale prompted scientists to study link between hearing...

Perlaki to wrodzone lub nabyte torbielowate, miejscowo złośliwe guzy nienowotworowe zlokalizowane najczęściej w obrębie ucha środkowego, wyrostka sutkowatego rzadziej okolicy przewodu słuchowego zewnętrznego. U dzieci występują z częstością 3 na 100 000, a u dorosłych – 9,2 000 osób. Przyjmuje się, że perlak wrodzony dotyczy 2–4% ogólnej liczby perlaków i tworzy się przed urodzeniem za prawidłowo ukształtowaną błoną bębenkową. Mimo pierwszy opisany przypadek perlaka datuje rok 1683,...

Introduction Malignant transformations may result from gene dysregulation caused by genetic and epigenetic modifications. The use of miRNAs to treat cancer depends on the downregulation or upregulation responsible for carcinogenesis (proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis), providing opportunity suppress tumors. purpose this review is list identified so far as biomarkers in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). This listing help predicting evolution developing anti-miRNAs...

Choroba Ménière’a, zwana także wodniakiem błędnika bądź endolimfatycznym, to choroba przewlekła charakteryzująca się tetradą objawów – zawrotami głowy, szumami usznymi, postępującym upośledzeniem słuchu i uczuciem pełności w dotkniętym uchu. Występuje z częstością 50–200 na 100 000 dorosłych, większym odsetkiem u kobiet. Choć została opisana powiązana uszkodzeniem ucha wewnętrznego już 1861 r. przez francuskiego lekarza Prospera jej etiologia wciąż nie jest do końca poznana. Znane są...

The main targets for the production of mRNA-based tumor vaccines are tumor-associated antigens and tumor-specific neoepitopes exposed on surface cells. Their mission is to stimulate cellular response in body a sick patient. In producing mRNA it important use an appropriate vector method delivery vaccine body. Recent years lot interest has been seen using dendritic cells as vector. Ugur Sahin his associates were first create procedures creating personalized mutanomic vaccines. Apart from...


 The discovery of mRNA by Sydney Brenner dates back to 1961, but the in vivo expression was successful only 1990, which initiated development vaccines based on this molecule. During Sars-CoV-2 pandemy interest use nucleic acids production drugs and has increased significantly. success against particularly empowered pharmaceutical industry create newer generation products RNA modification that could help not Covid-2019, also prevention treatment other infectious diseases. a very high...

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disease caused by the loss of alfa motor neurons occuring with a frequency 1 11000 births. It leads to muscular weakness and cause high rate mortality in children. 95% cases SMA are homozygous deletion SMN1 which identified as disease-determining gene. The number copies SMN2 determines phenotype disease. Screening tests for can detect 95-98% mutations SMN1, but cannot point mutations. genetic characterized sensitivity...

RNA interference (RNAi) discovered in the 1990s by Fire and Mello plays a role silencing gene function. One type of RNAi is siRNA, which double-stranded molecule 20-25 base pairs. This made cleaving enzyme Dicer. siRNA binds to protein complex with ribonuclease activity - RISC (RNA-induced complex). The resulting mRNA cuts it into parts, blocks formation encoded mRNA. property has been exploited production siRNA-based drugs. However, instability molecules turned out be difficult challenge...

1. Bain A, Stewart M, Mwamure P, et al. Addison›s disease in a patient with hypothyroidism: autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2. BMJ Case Rep. 2015; 2015:bcr2015210506. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2015-210506. CrossRef Google Scholar